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哲学与宗教1.Thephilosophyinthepre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism,Taoism,MohismandLegalism.2.AncientChinesepoilosopherssharesomecommonfeaturessuchastheirstressonspiritualexistence,practice,_morality,harmony,andintuition.3.Chineseethicsandmoralityfocusesmoreonharmony,collectivismandspiritual.4.China,asamulti-religioncountry,hasindigenousTaoistreligionandreligionsofforeignoriginsuchasBuddhism,Islam,catholicism,andChristianity.5.TheWhiteHouseTemple,locateintheeastofLuoyang,Henanprovince,wasthefirstofficiallybuiltBuddhisttempleinChinaintheEasternHandynasty.文学OnFaultsofQinJiaYiHandynastySongofEternalSorrowBaiJuyiTangdynastyTheScholarsWuJingziMing&QingdynastiesTheGoddessGuoMoruomodernperiodWivesandConcubinesSuTongcontemporaryperiodF─1ChineseclassicalliteraturereferstoliteraryworksfromthedaysbeforetheQindynastytothelateQingdynasty.F─2TheBookofSongsisacollectionofChina's305oldestpoemswrittenintheSpringandAutumnperiod.F─3AllofYuefufolksongsarewritteninfive-characterlines.T─4TheLiteraryMindandtheCarvingofDragonsbyLiuXiewasintendedtoadvocatethepresenceofsocialandpoliticalcontentinliteraturewhilecriticisingtheeffortstoseekthebeautyofformatthecostofmeaning.F─5LiBaihaslongbeenconsideredthegreatestrealisticpoetinChineseLiterature.T─6Inhisnovels,BaJinaimedatattackingthelife-destroyingethnicsoffeudalismthathadexistedinChinaforthousandsofyears.艺术1.Calligraphyretainsthebeautyofnatureandilluminatesthespiritualbeautyofhumanbeings.Chinesecalligraphystressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.2.TraditionalChinesepaintingreferstoink-washpainting.ItcanbetracedtotheTangdynastyandflourishedfromtheYuandynastyonwards.Itholdsanimportantplaceinthehistoryoftraditionallandscapepainting.3.Chineseoperaisconsideredoneofthethreeancientformsofdramaintheworld,withtheothertwobeingGreekTragedyandComedy.Ofthesethree,onlyChineseoperastillremainsalive.4,Erbu,sometimesknownintheWestasthe“ChineseViolin“,isatwo-stringbowedmusicalinstrumentandisusedasasoloinstrumentaswellasforsmallensemblesandlargeorchestras.ThemostpopularerbupieceisTwospringsReflectTheMoon.饮食文化1)Generallyspeaking,therearethreeessentialstandardsbywhichChinesecookingisjudged,namely,colour,aroma,andtaste,with_tastebeingthemostimportant.2)Ataformalbanquet,thehostpreparesadequateseatsfortheguests..theelderlyandpeopleofhighstatususuallysitatthenorthernsideofthetableordirectlyfacingtheentrancetotheroom.Theconceptof“honouredsouth,humblenorth”iscloselyrelatedwithtraditionalChineseetiquette.3)Chineseteacanbeclassifiedintofivebasiccategoriesaccordingtotheirdifferentprocessingtechniques.Thefivetypesaregreentea,blacktea,oolongtea,compressedtea,andscentedtea.Someminortypesarewhiteteaandyellowtea.4)Thedrinkers’swagergamehasmanyforms,dependingonthedrinkers’socialstatus,literacystatus,andinterest.Generally,therearethreecategories:generalgames,,literarygamesandcompetinggames.服饰1．ChineserulesofetiquetteregardingcostumesandadornmentsstartedtakingshapeintheZhoudynasty,regulatingfromnoblesdowntocommoners.2．BandknotshadbeenusedinthefrontofcostumesforseveralthousandyearsbeforetheMingdynasty,buttheywerereplacedbybuttonsforthefirsttimeintheMingdynasty.3．ThefourmostfamoustypesofembroideryinChinaareSichuanembroidery,_Suzhouembroidery,HunanembroideryembroideryandGuangdongembroidery.4．WhenagirlisbornintoaMiaofamily,herparentswillsaveonfoodandexpensessoastopurchaseacompletesetofsilverjewelryforher.5．TheKoreanpeopleareknownasthe“peopleinwhite”duetotheirspecialloveofthewhitecolour.建筑1.TheancientChineseusedtimberextensivelyasabuildingmaterialinadditiontobricksandtiles.2.ThenumberninecarriedaspecialmeaninginancientChina.Itwasdeemedthatoddnumbersrepresentedyangwhileevennumbersyin.3.ThehistoryofHakkaearthbuildingsdatesbacktotheTangdynastywhenHakkkapeoplemiggratedfromcentralChinato_thecoastalprovinceofFujian.4.Basedontheirstyleofconstruction,pagodascanroughlybeclassifiedintofourcategories:thetower,multi-eaves,pavilion(orone-storey)andLamaiststyles.