to-do不定式

不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/nevertodo”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。不定式一.结构:todo(否定)not/nevertodo二.时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式不定式todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendonetohavebeendoing--------------------(1).Theypretendednottoseeus.(2).Hepretendedtobesleeping.(3).Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)动词不定式的句法功能Tohaveanicecreamiscool.Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.Allyoushoulddonowistoremembertoday’slesson.Iwantapentowritewith.Heloweredhisheadtosleep.Heaskedhispartnernottocopythehomework.主语宾语表语定语状语宾补三.用法/功能Toseeistobelieve.It’simportanttolearn.(1).主语不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.Myjobtohelpthepatient.Yourtasktocleantheclassroom.isis(2).表语常在系动词后面，作表语(3)宾语•Iwanttogohome.•Theworkersdemandedtogetbetterpay.•Ifounditnecessarytotalktohimagain.think/consider/find/make/hear/see/feelit+adjtodo(4).宾补advise,expect,forbid,order,persuade,want,warn,tell,allow,help,ask,force等+sbtodosthTheteachertoldmetocleantheblackboard.Iexpectyoutogivemesomehelp.Ihavesomethingtosay.Hehasalotofhomeworktodo.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.(5).定语不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。Icameheretoseeyou.Hegotupearlytocatchthetrain.(6)状语Inorderto,soasto,enoughto,onlyto,too….to.,常充当原因、结果、目的状语等，和独立结构。Note:表结果不定式：意想不到的结果V-ing：顺其自然、理所应当的结果IhurriedtothestationtoseeTomoff,onlytofindhehadalreadyleft.Weadoptednewmethods,improvingthequalityofourproducts.重点!Rememberthem!一、-ing形式与不定式的区别不定式一般表示某个一次性的、具体的、未做的动作；而-ing形式则表示习惯的（泛指的）动作或一件已知的事或经验。Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Tofinishtheworkinaweekisimpossible.二、不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。但在下列句型中常用-ing形式作主语。Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkinaweek.Itis/wasnotanyuse/goodoflittleuse/gooduseless+doingsth.nouse/good若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itisoflittlegoodstayinguptoolateeveryday.注意1)有些动词要求只接不定式作宾语：decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wishrefuse,manage,care(愿意),pretendoffer,promise,choose,planagree,ask/beg,help决心学会想希望拒绝设法愿假装主动答应选计划同意请求帮一帮affordstrivehappenwait2)有些动词只接ing作宾语,常见的有：consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/putoff,fancy;avoid,miss,keep,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape;考虑建议盼原谅承认推迟没得想避免过错继续练否认完成就欣赏禁止想象才冒险不禁介意准逃亡不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.他不知道说什么。(宾语)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语)Myquestioniswhentostart.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意：•在与why连用时，只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Whynothavearest?四、不带to的不定式作宾补三使letmakehave二听listentohear一感:feel五看watchseeobservelookatnoticeIheardthemsingapopsong.Theteachermademeanswerthequestion.Wewatchedthemplayfootball.如果上述结构变为被动语态,不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语,此时动词(let,have无被动语态)后原来不带to的不定式要加to。如:Hewasseentogoupstairs.Hewasmadetodohiswork.Becareful!五、介词except/but之后接不定式时，如果介词前有实意动词do的各种形式则except/but后接不带to的不定式；反之，如果except/but前没有实意动词do，则不定式带to。Tomhasnochoicebuttodothehomework.Tomdoesnothingbutsleepeveryday.六、作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Pleasegivemeapentowritewith.不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.七、something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。1)Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式tosend的动作执行者是you）2)Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式tobesent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someoneelse）注意比较Totellthetruth,Iamnothappyatthemoment.八、独立结构•tobefrank,•tobehonest,•totellthetruth九、不定式的省略(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词.---Wouldyouliketogowithme?---I’dliketo.(2).不定式是tobe结构,be不可省.---Wouldyouliketobeateacher?---I’dliketobe.十、固定句型:1.hadbetter/hadbest+(not)dosth.2.Why(not)dosth.?3.…prefertodo/preferdoing4.…prefer+n./doingA+to+n./doingB5.…prefer+todoAratherthandoB6.…wouldrather(not)dosth.7.…wouldratherdoAthan(do)B8.…wouldrather+句子（过去式）（虚拟语气）要做……Useyourhead!1.Mywifesaidinherletterthatshewouldappreciate____fromyousometime.A.tohaveheardB.tohearC.forhearingD.hearing2.Robertissaid___abroad,butIdidn’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tobestudyingC.tostudyD.tohavebeenstudying3.InAustraliahemadealotoffriends______averypracticalknowledgeofEnglish.A.getB.gettingC.togetD.got4.Theyareconsidering____beforethepricesgoup.A.ofbuyingthehouseB.withbuyingthehouseC.buyingthehouseD.tobuythehouse5.Pauldoesn'thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.studyB.tostudyC.studiedD.studying6.ThechildrentalkedsoloudlyatdinnertablethatIhadtostruggle______.A.tobeheardB.tohaveheardC.hearingD.beingheard7.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains____whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.see8.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows____.A.itwhattodowithB.whattodowithitC.whattodoitwithD.todowhatwithit9.____late(迟起)intheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingsleep10.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._________theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.Tohaveha