英语名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分,不可数名词没有复数形式。但在特殊情况下,他们也可用作可数名词。A.名词的分类(1)规则变化1.词尾+s:desks,maps,cats,roofs…pens,rooms,dogs,cars…2.词尾+es:buses,watches,glasses,brushes…3.辅音+y→ies:baby–babies,city–cities4.元音+y→ys:days,boys,keys…5.辅音+o+es:potatoes,tomatoes,heroes例外:kilos,photos,pianos…B.名词复数形式的构成(1)规则变化6.元音+o+s:zoos,bamboos,radios,studios工作室7.词尾f或fe→ves:half–halves,life–lives,knife–knifes/self,shelf架子,loaf一条,wife,thief,wolf,leaf,etc例外:roofs,chiefs首领,proofs,beliefs,safes保险箱,griefs悲伤,handkerchiefs,cliffs悬崖,…B.名词复数形式的构成(1)规则变化8.字母或数字的复数形,以加s为原则:e.g.mindyourp’sandq’s谨慎行事inthe1980’s=inthe1980s’phD’s=phDsB.名词复数形式的构成(2)不规则变化1.改变元音的字母:man–men,woman–women,foot–feet,goose–geese,tooth–teeth,mouse–mice2.词尾+en或ren:ox–oxen,child–children3.单复数同形:deer,sheep,aircraft航空器,cattle,Chinese,B.名词复数形式的构成(2)不规则变化4.外来语的复数形:datum–data,basis–bases,crisis–crises,antenna–antennae触角,medium–media,analysis–analyses,…B.名词复数形式的构成(3)复合名词的复数1.主要的词改为复数:passers-by行人,fathers-in-law岳父,maid-servants女仆2.前后两词均改为复数:men-servants,women-doctors,3.词尾+s:grown-ups,forget-me-nots勿忘草B.名词复数形式的构成1.表示不可数名词量的概念,要使用单位名词。.abarofchocolate,apieceoffurniture,adropofwater,anitemofnews,aloafofbread,apieceofadvice2.某些数量词只能修饰可数名词:many,few/afew,a(large)numberof,agoodmanyof,etc.3.某些数量词只能修饰不可数名词:much,little/alittle,agreatdealof,alargeamountof,aquantityof…C.使用名词单复数时的注意事项4.某些数量词既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词:some,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,apercentageof一部分…5.有些名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义:times时代,works著作,goods货物,greens蔬菜,regards问候,contents目录,papers论文/文件,parts零件directions指示/用法,gains收获,numbers数字,算数measures/means手段/措施,pains辛苦,remains遗迹/残余,communications通讯系统/交通工具,movies电影calculations计算的结果,oils油画,letters文学,brains智力colors徽章,C.使用名词单复数时的注意事项6.有些名词常用其复数形式:shoes,gloves,scissors,trousers,compasses圆规,jeans,glasses,savings储蓄,surroundings环境,finds研究结果,earnings薪水,funds资金,arms武器makefriendswith…,burstintotears,inotherwords,atallcosts不惜任何代价,forces部队onsecondthoughts进一步考虑后,makepreparationsfor为…作准备C.使用名词单复数时的注意事项7.有些国家名或学科名词看上去是复数,其意义是单数:physics,politics,electronics,mathematics,economics,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,news,gymnastics体操,statistics统计学TheArabianNights天方夜谭C.使用名词单复数时的注意事项1.并列结构作主语时与谓语的一致关系a)由and连接两个名词或者代词作主语时,AandB分为以下四种情况:1)A、B表示不同的人、物或者观念的时候,谓语动词要用复数形式LiMingandZhangHuaaregoodstudents.Boththeparentsandthechildrenarehere.2)A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候,谓语动词要用单数形式Ajournalistandauthorlivesinthesixthflat.Theturnerandfitterisundertwenty-five.D.名词的数与一致性3)and连接几个单数主语,主语由each、every、no、manya等词修饰的时候,谓语动词要用单数Eachboyandeachgirlisinvited.Everyboyandgirlisinvited.Noboyandnogirlistherenow.4)A、B为两个不可分的东西时,谓语动词用单数Alawandruleaboutprotectingenvironmenthasbeendrawnup.起草、拟定Breadandbutterisnutritious.D.名词的数与一致性Unit3NumberofNounsb)由or,notonly…butalso…,either…or…,neither…nor…连接主语时,谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致(注意,叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同)EitheryouorIammad.Neitheryounorheisnaughty.Notonlythefarmerbutalsohisfamilywerefriendlytome.D.名词的数与一致性c)当主语后跟but,with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,like,including,aswellas,ratherthan等词时,谓语动词不受词组的影响,仅和主语保持一致:Allbutonewereherejustnow.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtonationasagift.D.名词的数与一致性2.单一主语的情况a)以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时,例如physics,maths,economics,news,means,works,等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式,当然,若表示复数的意思则另当别论Physicsisveryimportant.Everymeanshasbeentried.D.名词的数与一致性2.单一主语的情况b)b)表示双部分工具的名称,衣服名称等作主语时,例如trousers/pants,shoes,glasses,scissors,goods,clothers等,谓语用复数形式;如果这些词由Pair(suit,piece,series,kind)+of修饰时,谓语动词要用单数Mytrousersarewhiteandhisclothesareblack.Apairofscissorsislyinginthatdrawer.但是在these/thosepairs(…)of+复数名词之后,谓语动词则用复数形式Thesekindsofglassesarepopularthissummer.D.名词的数与一致性3.动名词,不定式,从句作主语的时候,谓语动词一般要用单数Toseeistobelieve.Swimmingisagoodwaytokeephealth.Whoisherfatherisnotknown.D.名词的数与一致性4.集体名词作主语时a)mankind/humanity/man(人类)作主语的时候,谓语动词一般用单数形式Onlymanisknowshowtocook.b)由people,police,cattle,youth等集体名词作主语的时候,谓语动词用复数形式ThecattlearegrazinginthefieldD.名词的数与一致性c)Family,group,class,public,enemy等集体名词作主语的时候i.若当整体看,则谓语动词用单数形式Ourclassisverydiligent.ii.若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看,谓语动词则用复数形式WhenIcameintotheroom,hisfamilywerewatchingTV.iii.Afamily/group/class作主语时,谓语动词用单数;families/groups/classes作主语时,谓语动词用复数Agroupiscomingtothezoo.D.名词的数与一致性5.其他情况a)主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候,谓语动词用单数形式3kilometersisnotveryfar.Threetimesthreemakesnine.D.名词的数与一致性b)one,every/eachone,each,anyone,either,neither+of+复数名词谓语动词一般用单数形式,因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语,of前面的one,everyone…才是主语Neitherofthemisright.Eachofthemhasaslide幻灯片.c)noneof+不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式noneof+可数名词——谓语动词单复均可Noneofthatmoneyinthedeskishis.Noneofhisclassmatesknowsthetruth.D.名词的数与一致性d)分数或百分数+of+词组分数或百分数+of+词组作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数;若名词或代词是复数,谓语动词用复数,若名词或代词是单数,则谓语动词用单数Three-thirdsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.Tensoftonsofwastegoesintotheairwiththesmokeeveryday.e)morethanone+(单数名词)+单数动词morethantwo+(复数名词)+复数动词Morethanonewhiterosehasbloomed.Morethantwowhiteroseshavebloomed.D.名词的数与一致性f)a(great)numberof+复数名词——用复数动词thenumberof+任何名词——用单数动词AgreatnumberoftouristshavebeentotheGreatWall.Thenumberofstudentsinthecomputerclassislimitedtoten.g)the+形容词,表示一类人——谓语动词用复数the+形容词,表示一类物——谓语动词用单数Therichareforthedecisionbutthepoorareagainstit.Thebeautifulis