英语国家概况Unit-9-Social-Movements-of-the1960s

SocialMovementsofthe1960s●Greensboro“Sit-In”●TheCivilRightsMovement●MartinLutherKing,Jr.●TheAnti-WarMovement●FreeSpeechMovement●TheCounterCulture●Women'sLiberationMovementTheLunchCounterinGreensboro•Thisquietsit-inbyblackstudentsinGreensborobeganthecivilrightsmovementinthe1960s,thefirstofseveralsocialmovementsduringthatdecade.•“Weshallovercome!”isablackAmericansongofcivilrightmovementduringthe1960s.1.CivilRightsMovement:NationalcampaignbyAfrican-Americansforequalrightsinthe1950sand1960s.•2.Anti-wardemonstratorschantedHell,no,wewon'tgo.,refusinggovernmentorderstobedraftedintothearmyandfightinVietnam.3.Women'sLiberationMovementSpeakyourheartwithoutinterruption”•womenrecognizehowtheywerebeingheldbackbyasocietyinwhichmendominatedpolitics,economics,thefamily,andevenprivateconversation.WomenSpeakupTheirMindsWhyDidtheSocialMovementsBegin?•DuringthefifteenyearsbetweentheendofWorldWarIIandthe1960s,manyAmericanmenworkedhardtoachievetheirdreams•ThefederalgovernmentsubsidizededucationandhomeownershipforveteransofWorldWarIIandtheKoreanWar•Threegroups—Afro-Americans,youngpeopleandwomen—weredissatisfiedwiththeirlives.1.inthesegregatedSouth,whereNegroeswerepreventedfromworkingatgoodjobsandgettingagoodeducation.•2.Womenearnedlessmoneyandhadfeweropportunitiestoadvancethanmenworkinginthesamejobs,•Theybecamehousewives,isolatedathomewiththeirchildren•3.Manyyoungpeopleresentedtraditionalwhitemalevalues.Theybelievedtheyhadtherighttochoosethewaytheywouldlivetheirlives.•Theywantedtoworkatjobswhichwereinteresting,notjustworktomakemoney.AmericanSoldiersinVietnam•WhentheUSarmybegantofightinVietnam,manypeoplethoughtthewarwaswrong.•TheydidnotunderstandwhyUStroopswerefightinginAsia.Youngpeople,blackandwhite,didnotwanttojointhearmyandfightinVietnam.•Mothersdidnotwanttheirsonsdraftedintothearmy.WhoWorkedintheSocialMovements?•Manypeoplewhobelievedthegovernmentandthesocietywerewrongjoinedoneormoreofthesocialmovements.•Negroleaders;blackandwhiteyoungpeople,somewhiteprofessionalmenandwomen,andsomewhitehousewives.•Themovementsusedmanyofthesamestrategies.Suchassongs,nonviolent,directactionlikesit-insandboycottswereusedtoprotestsegregationlaws.•Thecivilrightsmovement,theanti-warmovementandthewomen'smovementallusedthelegalsystemtotestlawsandtoforcechanges.WhatIsaSocialMovement?•peopleworktogethertochangegovernmentpoliciesandsociety.•twobasiccharacteristics:structureandspontaneity.•organizations(structure)andpeople'sactionsshouldcomefromthemselves(spontaneity).TheCivilRightsMovement•Thespontaneousactionofonewoman,RosaParks,wasbelievedtobethetruebeginningofthecivilrightsmovement,5yearsbeforetheGreensborostudentssit-in.•FromRosaParks'spontaneousactionofnonviolentcivildisobedience.•fromthesocialbaseofNegrochurches,communityandpoliticalorganizations,grewsupportforprotestagainstsegregation.•Organizations•SNCC:theStudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee•学生非暴力统一行动委员会•CORE:theCongressofRacialEquality•争取种族平等大会•SCLC:theSouthernChristianLeadershipConference•南部基督教领导联合会•Thesethreegroupsprovidedtheleadership,thenonviolenttactics,thenetworkandthepeopletofightagainstSouthernsegregation.•ThestrongestleadershipcamefromtheSCLC,headedbyBaptistministerMartinLutherKing,Jr.DirectActionTactics•Civilrightsactivistsfirstusedsit-intacticstofightsegregationandlater,freedomrides.•InSeptember1961,thefederalgovernmentdeclaredsegregationillegalinallinterstatebusstations.•Thenextimportantdirectactionofthethreecivilrightsorganizationswasvoterregistration.•In1964,hundredsofvolunteersformalloverthecountrycametoMississippitoregisterNegroestovote.•Results:•TheCivilRightsActwaspassedbyCongressandsignedintolawbyPresidentJohnson.•InDecember1964,MartinLutherKingwasgiventheNobelPeacePrize.Changes•Asracialviolencecontinued,blackpeoplebegantoquestionthenonviolenttacticsusedintheSouth.•Blackleadersinotherpartsofthecountryspokeinfavorofblackseparatismandagainstnonviolenceinfightingdiscriminationandracism.OnestrongblackleaderwasMalcolmX•BlacksshouldarmthemselvesandfighttheKuKluxKlanandotherwhiteterrorists•HeandMartinLutherKingdisagreedaboutthemeanstoachievetheirgoal.•In1965,MalcolmXwasassassinatedinNewYork.theKuKluxKlan•MurdersofblackandwhitecivilrightsworkersintheSouthincreased.•PeoplecontinuetoseewhiteviolenceagainstnonviolentblacksonTV.•BlackpeopleriotedintheWattssectionofLosAngelesinresponsetowhiteviolence.•SNCCwasalsochanging.Theybegantothinkthetacticofnonviolencewaswrong.•Theyelectedanewchairman,StokeleyCarmichae）l,whobelievedthatblackpeopleshouldworktoenddiscriminationwithoutthehelpofwhitepeople.HespokeaboutblackpowerStokelyCarmichaelBlackPowermarchagainstfear•Asthecivilrightsleaderscontinuedthemarchagainstfear,theywereviciouslyattackedbywhitepoliceandarrested.•In1966,theBlackPantherPartyforSelf-DefensewasorganizedinOakland.•MartinLutherKingdisagreed.•InApril,1968,MartinLutherKingwasassassinatedinTennessee.•Riotingbrokeoutinblackcommunitiesin125citiesin28states.•RobertKennedy,whowasrunningforpresident,wasalsoassassinated.MartinLutherKing,Jr•BecausetheyresentedtraditionalwhitemalevaluesinU.S