高中化学方程式总结,第1页,共15页高中化学方程式总结注:画横线的属于了解性内容,可能在信息题、选修5或氧化还原反应相关考察中出现有兴趣的同学可以尝试记忆和理解第一部分金属【一、碱金属】【1.钠】【Na】4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+S=Na2S(研磨爆炸)2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑2Na+H2△2NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)=4NaCl+Ti【Na2O】Na2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O+O2△2Na2O2Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O22Na2O2+2H2SO4=2Na2SO4+2H2O+O2↑【NaH】NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑【NaOH】2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑6NaOH+3S△2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑2NaOH(过量)+CO2=Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)=NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)=NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl△NaCl+NH3↑+H2O【NaAlO2】2NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3(CO2少量)NaAlO2+CO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3(CO2过量)NaAlO2+NaHCO3+H2O=Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl【NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaI】NaCl+H2SO4(浓)△NaHSO4+HCl↑(实验室制HCl)H2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl↑2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)=NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)=NaH2PO4+HI【Na2CO3、NaHCO3】Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O2NaHCO3△Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O【NaNO3、NaNO2】2NaNO3△2NaNO2+O2↑H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3△NaHSO4+HNO3↑KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2ONaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2O高中化学方程式总结,第2页,共15页【Na3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4】Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl【Na2S、NaHS】Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S↓3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑【Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O3】3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2↑+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO32NaHSO3△Na2SO3+SO2↑+H2O【Na2SiO3】Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3↓+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3【2.钾】【K】2K+2H2O=2KOH+H2↑【K2O、K2O2】K2O+H2O=2KOHK2O+CO2=K2CO32K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2↑【KOH】2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2O(CO2少量)KOH+CO2=KHCO3(CO2过量)K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2↑+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3↓+2KClK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3↓+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2↑+H2O2KHCO3△K2CO3+CO2↑+H2O【KClO3】2KClO3△2KCl+3O2↑KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2OKClO3+5KCl+3H2SO4=3Cl2↑+3K2SO4+3H2O【KI】2KI+Cl2=2KCl+I2KI+AgNO3=AgI↓+KNO3【KAl(SO4)2】2KAl(SO4)2+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)3↓2KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2=K2SO4+3BaSO4↓+2Al(OH)3↓KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2=KAlO2+2BaSO4↓【KSCN】3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN)3+3KCl【KH】KH+H2O=KOH+H2↑3.【锂Li】4Li+O2△2Li2O2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2↑【Li2O】Li2O+CO2=Li2CO3Li2O+H2O=2LiOH【LiOH】2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3↓+H2OLiOH+CO2=LiHCO3【Li2CO3】Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+CO2↑+H2O【LiHCO3】LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2↑+H2O2LiHCO3△Li2CO3+CO2↑+H2O【二、常见金属】【1.镁】【Mg】2Mg+O2点燃2MgOMg+2H2O=Mg(OH)2+H2↑Mg+Cl2点燃MgCl22Mg+CO2点燃2MgO+CMg+S=MgSMg+Br2=MgBr23Mg+N2=Mg3N2Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑【MgO】MgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2O高中化学方程式总结,第3页,共15页【Mg(OH)2】Mg(OH)2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2O【MgCO3】MgCO3+2HCl=2MgCl2+CO2↑+H2O【MgSO4】MgSO4+Ba(OH)2=Mg(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓MgSO4+2NaOH=Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4【Mg3N2】Mg3N2+6H2O=3Mg(OH)2+2NH3↑【2.铝】【Al】4Al+3O2点燃2Al2O32Al+3S△Al2S32Al+3Cl2△2AlCl34Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe(铝热反应)2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)△Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑【Al2O3、Al(OH)3】Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物)Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3△Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O【铝盐】AlCl3+NaOH(见NaOH部分)AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4ClAlCl3+Na2CO3AlCl3+NaHCO3见钠的化合物部分AlCl3+NaAlO2Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑Al4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH)3↓+3CH4↑【3.铁】【Fe】2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4Fe+S△FeS2Fe+3Br2△2FeBr3Fe+I2△FeI2Fe+S△FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)高温Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu2Fe+6H2SO4(浓)△Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)=FeSO4+H2↑Fe+6HNO3(浓)=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2OFe+4HNO3(稀)=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO)2Fe【FeO】3FeO+2Al△Al2O3+3Fe6FeO+O2△2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3(稀)=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O【Fe2O3】Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO△2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O【Fe3O4】Fe3O4+4H2△3Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl△FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3△Fe2O3+3H2O【FeCl2】2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3FeCl2+2NaOH=Fe(OH)2↓+2NaCl【FeCl3】2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2高中化学方程式总结,第4页,共15页2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻印刷电路板)2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2HClFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3(红色)+3KCl【FeS】FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S↑FeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S↑4FeS2+11O2高温2Fe2O2+8SO2【三、其他金属】【1.锰】【KMnO4】2KMnO4△K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O【MnO2】MnO2+4HCl(浓)△MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O【2.铜】【Cu】2Cu+O2△2CuO2Cu+S△Cu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2△CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2S=CuS↓+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2↓+2N