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比较等级与比较结构ComparisonandComparativeConstruction讲解提纲•形容词与副词的比较等级•比较结构的三大类型as…as…more…than…themost…•比较结构的其它形式形容词与副词的比较等级三个等级：原级Positive/AbsoluteDegree比较级ComparativeDegree最高级SuperlativeDegree比较级和最高级的形式规则不规则规则形式•综合形式SyntheticForm加后缀-er；-est•分析形式AnalyticForm在原级前加more；most构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词tallfasttallerfastertallestfastest结尾为辅音闭音节单音节词bigbiggerbiggest双音节clevercleverermoreclevercleverestmostclever结尾为辅音字母+y的双音节词easyeasiereasiest多音节词importantmoreimportantmostimportant规则形式不规则形式原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwellbadworseworstilloldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest没有比较等级的词语•right,wrong,excellent,perfect,final,whole,ultimate,entire,fatal,spontaneous,univeral,extreme,etc.比较结构•类型as…as…more…than…themost…as…as…•基本形式as+adj/adv原级+as分句•否定形式notso/as+adj/adv原级+as分句less…than…Examples:JohnisasbrightasBob.Johnisnotas/sobrightasBob.JohnislessbrightthanBob.as…as…变体形式•asmuch/many+名词+as分句e.g.Hetookasmuchbutterasheneeded.Shehaswrittenasmanyessaysasherbrother.•as+adj.原级+名词词组+as分句e.g.GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.=Georgeisaworker(whois)asefficientasJack.•基本用法主语不同，比较项目相同(不同事物的同一方面)e.g.Thegirlwasasbrilliantashersister.Johndoesn’tbehaveas/sopolitelyasBob.主语相同，比较项目不同（同一事物的两个方面）e.g.Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.Heisnotsowiseasheiswitty.主语不同，比较项目也不同（不同事物的不同方面）e.g.Thisswimmingpoolisn’ttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.•Hisunclewasasbaseandunworthyashisfatherhadbeenuprightandhonorable.as…as与bad,much连用时，常置于句首，引导让步状语从句。译为“尽管……”：As/Sobadasheis,hehashisgoodpoints.Asmuchasshehatedcruelty,shecouldn’thelpwatchingthefight.asgoodas（此处不涉及比较级）=ineffect,practically,译为“实际上（等于）”。例如：Whathesaidhasasgoodasshownhisattitude.Theyhaveasgoodaspromisedtohelpus.Thepatientisasgoodascured.more…than…•基本形式adj/adv比较级+than分句•否定形式less…than…notso/as+adj/adv原级+as分句JohnisbrighterthanBob.Thiscarrunslessfastthanthatone.(Thiscarrunsslowerthanthatone.)Thiscardoesn’trunso/asfastasthatone.•比较级前可加数词表示确切的度量e.g.Heistwoinchestallerthanhisfather.•Hecametwentyminutesearlierthantheothers.•不定冠词/零冠词+形容词比较级+n.+than分句e.g.JohnisamoreefficientworkerthanJack.=JohnisaworkermoreefficientthanJack.=JohnismoreefficientaworkerthanJack.•Mybrotherhasalargerhousethanmine.=Mybrother’shouseislargerthanmine.the+adj/adv比较级+of词组e.g.Johnisthebrighterofthetwoboys.Theblackoneisthebetterofthetwopens.只适用于两者比较more…than…变体形式more/lessofa+可数名词单数+than分句e.g.Heismore/lessofasportsmanthanhisbrother.=Heismore/lesssportsmanlikethanhisbrother.•HewasmoreofafoolthanIthoughthewas.•HewasasmuchofafoolasIthoughthewas.•Hewastoomuchofafool.•基本用法•比较两个事物的同一方面e.g.Thistaskismuchmoredifficultthanlastone.•比较同一事物的两个方面(“与其…不如…”)(与其说John脑子灵活，不如说他胆子大)e.g.Johnismoredaringthanquick-witted.•Thepresentcrisisismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.(当前的危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机)用less…than…表示相反的含义themost+比较范围•适用于三个或三个以上事物进行比较•Johnisthebrightestofthethreeboys.•比较范围（431）：可以为介词词组也可为关系分句或非限定分句•It’stheworstthingI’veeverknown.=Itcan’tbeworse.•Georgedidthemostworkthismorning.=Georgedidmoreworkthismorningthananyoneelse.•有些最高级结构并不是与其它事物相比e.g.Pleaseacceptmydeepestgratitude.•Ishalldoitwiththegreatestpleasure.最高级themost的反义•可用theleast•或原句形容词或副词的反义词的最高级e.g.ThisistheleastdifficultbookI’veeverread.=ThisistheeasiestbookI’veeverread.•Hebehavedtheleastpolitelyofthethree.=Hebehavedthemostrudelyofthethree.比较结构的其它形式（1）•AistoBwhatCistoDA对于B就像C对于D一样e.g.Youaretomewhatwateristolife.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.（2）•notso…as…•notsomuch…as…（less…than…）e.g.Londonisn’tsolargeasTokyo.=…issmallerthan…Itwasn’tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.=IlikedhisappearancelessthanIlikedhispersonality.=IlikedhispersonalitymorethanIlikedhisappearance.•Notsomuch…..as与其……不如（否定前者，肯定后者）•与其说成功在于运气，不如说在于辛勤劳动•与其说他是个学者，不如说他是个书呆子。•Successliesnotsomuchinluckasinhardwork.•Heisnotsomuchascholarasapedant（3）e.g.JohnisnotbetterthanTom.JohnisnobetterthanTom.→TomisbetterthanJohn.→JohnisasbadasTom.•notmorethan不多于•nomorethan只是，仅仅noricherthan=aspoorasnobiggerthan=assmallas•nomore…than…与…一样(不)；既不…也不…(=not…anymorethan)•morethan不只是e.g.Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.•IwouldnomorecallyouthanIwouldwritetoyou.=Iwouldnotcallyou,justasIwouldnotwritetoyou.morethan的几种特殊用法：⑴“morethan+名词”=notonly，可译为“不仅仅”：Butworkismorethanaccomplishmentandprideinbeingabletocommandthejob,…但是工作不仅仅是成就和能够胜任工作的自豪，……我的北方之行并非观光而已。Mytriptothenorthismorethansightseeing.⑵“morethan+形容词”（常用于口语）=very,可译为“非常”、“十分”。例如：Theyweremorethangladtohelp.他们非常乐意帮忙。听说你成功了，我们非常高兴。Wearemorethanhappytohearofyoursuccess.他对结果十分满意。Heismorethanpleasedwiththeresult.⑶“morethan+副词/代词”=notlimitedto.可译为“不止”。例如：Hewasdressedmorethansimply.他穿的岂止是朴素，简直是破烂了。（他穿得过于寒酸。）类似情况不止一次发生。Ithappenedmorethanonce.⑷“morethan+数词”=over,可译为“多于”,“大于”：Ittookmorethan100,000mentwentyyearstobuildtheGreatPyramid.十多万人花费了二十年时间才建成了这座大金字塔。这家公司有100多人是大学生。Morethan100workersinthiscompanyarecollegestudents.II.LearningPoints注意：less…than也可表示“与其说……，不如说……”的含义。但more…than结构否定的是“后者”，而less…than则否定的是“前者”。试比较：Shewasmorehurtthanfrightened.Shewaslesshurtthanfrightened.与其说她吓坏了，不如说她受了伤。与其说她受了伤，不如说她吓坏了。II.LearningPoints⑺“more+名词+than”一般翻译为“与其说……，不如说……”