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APracticalCourseofTranslation(V)Lecture5ConversionConversion词类转换•Byconversion,wemeanthechangeofpartsofspeechintranslation.OwingtothesyntacticaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,itisusuallyimpossibleforatranslatortokeeptotheoriginalpartofspeechintheprocessoftranslation.Asamatteroffact,awordbelongingtoacertainpartofspeechinonelanguagesometimeshastobeconvertedintoadifferentpartofspeech,soastobringforthareadableandcoherentsentence.Therefore,conversionisoneoftheimportantandcommonlyadoptedtranslationtechniques.ConversionintoVerbs---NounsintoVerbs•1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。•Oneafteranother,speakerscalledforthedownfallofimperialism,abolitionofexploitationofmanbyman,liberationoftheoppressedoftheworld.•发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。•The1967UNdocumentcallsforthesettlementoftheMiddleEastconflictonthebasisofIsraeliwithdrawalfromoccupiedterritoriesandArabacknowledgementofIsraeli’srighttoexist.•一九六七年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。MoreExamples•Thenewsituationrequirestheformationofanewstrategy.新形势要求制定新的战略。•Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。•Icallforcooperationintheeconomicandtechnicalsectorsamongthecountriestheworldover.我呼吁世界各国在经济、技术方面进行合作。ConversionintoVerbs---NounsintoVerbs•2.含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。•Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.•看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。•Asaweekdrewtoaclose,theenemyroutwascomplete.•一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。•TheabuseofdrugshasbecomeoneofAmerica'smostserioussocialproblems.•滥用毒品已经成为美国最严重的社会问题之一。•AviewofFujiMountaincanbeobtainedfromhere.•从这里可以看到富士山。ConversionintoVerbs---NounsintoVerbs•3.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，有时在句中不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。•I’mafraidIcan’tteachyouswimming.IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.•我未必会教你游泳，我想我的弟弟比我教得好。•Therewerevariouspossibleplayersfortherole.•可能扮演这个角色的有好几个人ConversionintoVerbs---NounsintoVerbs•4.作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词。•TheytookafinallookatIronMike,stillintactinthedarkness.•他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。•Thenextnewsbulletin,shorterthanusual,madenomentionofthedemonstration.•下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。•Wedon'thaveanyideawhentheboywasborn.(不知道)•Sheistootiredtohavethefaintestdesiretodance.（一点儿也不想）ConversionintoVerbs---PrepositionsintoVerbs•Atnoon,hecamehomeforlunch.他中午回家吃午饭。•Thepresidenttooktheforeignguestsaboutthecampus.•校长带外宾们参观校园。•Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.(A.L.Strong)•党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。•Ibarreledstraightahead,acrosstheharborandoutoverthesea.•我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。ConversionintoVerbs---AdjectivesintoVerbs•ManyEnglishadjectivesafteralinkverbindicatingone'sconsciousness,feelings,emotions,desires,etc.arealwaysconvertedintoChineseverbs.英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成汉语动词。常见的这类形容词有：•Confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious,grateful,able等。ConversionintoVerbs---AdjectivesintoVerbsTheyarenotcontentwiththeirpresentachievements.他们不满足于他们现有的成就Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。Thefactthatshewasabletosendamessagewasahint.ButIhadtobecautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。NaturallytheNazisoldiersweremoreconcernedwithsavingtheirownlivesthanwithtakingours.当然，纳粹士兵对救他们自己的命，比起要我们的命，要关心得多了。ConversionintoVerbs---AdverbsintoVerbs•Ourholidayisthreeweeksaway.•离我们的假期还有3个星期。•Whenwillhebeback?他什么时候回来？•Theboytoldmethathismotherwasout.•那个男孩告诉我他的母亲出去了。•Asheranout,heforgottohavehisshoeson.•他跑出去，忘记了穿鞋子。•Mr.NixonhadsaidrepeatedlythattheAmericanwarinIndochinawouldsoonbeover.•尼克松先生屡次声言，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。•Sheopenedthewindowtoletsomefreshairin.•她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。ConjunctionintoVerbs•Eightandsevenisfifteen.8加7等于15。•Winteristhefourthandlastseasoninayear•冬季是一年中第四个也是最后一个季节。ConversionintoNouns----VerbintoNouns名词派生出来的动词，为符合汉语表达习惯，可将其还原成名词来译。1)Hewasblacklistedandlosthisjob.他被列入黑名单，失去了工作。2)Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。ConversionintoNouns----VerbintoNouns•英语中的被动语态在翻译成汉语时，原被动句中的谓语动词可根据需要转换成汉语的名词，与“遭到”、“受到”等动词连用。•1)Hisimageasagoodstudentwastarnished.•他作为一个好学生的形象已经遭到了玷污。•2)Hewassnubbedbythosetop-rankingofficials.•他受到那些高级官员们的冷落。•3)Throwatennisballonthefloor.Theballbouncesback.Inthesameway,whenlightfallsoncertainthingsitbouncesback.Whenthishappens,thelightissaidtobereflected.•将网球扔到地板上，球会弹回来。同样，光照到某些物体上时也会弹回来。这种情况叫做光受到反射。AdjectiveintoNouns•Adjectiveswiththedefinitearticlestoindicatecategoriesofpeople,things,oradjectivesusedaspredicativetoindicatethenatureofthingsmayalsobeconvertedintonouns.1)Theyaregoingtobuildaschoolfortheblindandthedeaf.他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。2)Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。3)RobinHoodandhismerrymenhatedtherichandlovedandprotectedthepoor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。AdjectiveintoNouns•此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。•Stevensonwaseloquentandelegant----butsoft.•史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。•TheWildefamilywerereligious.•王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。•Theywereconsideredinsincere.•他们被人认为是伪君子。ConversionintoAdjectivesNounintoadj.•1)有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，翻译时可转换为形容词。•Thisexperimentwasagreatsuccess.•这个实验很成