~··名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。根据从句在句子中的功能分根据从句的性质分定语从句形容词性从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句状语从句副词性从句第一节知识点讲解一.【主语从句】顾名思义,主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上,也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部,前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时,谓语动词一般为单数形式。如:WhatIsawwasbeyondanyverbaldescription.Thathishairwasturninggreyworriedhimabit.Whythecompanydeniedthecontractisstillunknown.Whenandwherethegovernmentwillbuildacitysquareisunderdiscussion.Itisprettyannoyingthatasmallpartofthemachineismissing.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthenewnovelwillbewellreceived.Tips:主语从句的that绝对不能省去。因为句子是不能做主语的,故用that引导。若去掉则没有了主语,而宾语从句的that可省。主语从句:Thatheisrightisknowntoallofus.宾语从句:Weallknow(that)heisright.1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it放在主语位置,真正主语搁置于句末It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)2.用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识(2)Itis+形容词+从句~··Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…(3)Itis+不及物动词+从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…(4)It+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.错误表达:ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(3)Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.错误表达:Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.错误表达:Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?错误表达:Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。例如:a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二.【宾语从句】宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。Weassumedthattherewouldbemorethan100guests.Hetoldthepoliceindetailwhathesawandheard.Nobodyissurewhathumanswilllooklikeinamillionyears.Thatwilldependonwhethertheycangetthechance.WhetherIwillhavethetimeIamnotsureatthemoment.Theconductorcomplainedthatwewerenotgiftedinsingingandthathewouldnevercomeagain.1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如:Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军了。(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如:~··a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道发生了什么。b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2.作介词的宾语,例如:Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3.作形容词的宾语,例如:Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意:that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如:Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如:正确表达:Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.错误表达:Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy,order(命令),accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce(公开指责),advise,congratulate等。例如:正确表达:Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.错误表达:Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy(想象),guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三.【表语从句】表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain(留下、保持、依然),seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如:1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.【同位语从句】同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。~··1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1).同位语从句和定语从句相似,二者都有先行词。同位语从句是对先行词的进一步陈述,和先行词是同等的关系,含义相同。定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限制。(2).同位语从句表示先行词的内容是什么,进一步说明先行词。定语从句与先行词之间是所属关系,表示“…的”,起修饰作用。(3).同位语从句的“that”不能省略。定语从句的关系代词“that”在从句中作宾语时可以省略。(4)同位语从句的先行词是一个含有概念的抽象名词,从句对这一概念进行展开或说明。同位语从句和定语从句的异同与辨析。1.正确使用同位语从句的关连词;2.正确运用同位语从句的先行词;3.能正确认识并正确翻译同位语从句。同位语从句和定语从句比较练习1.Iheardaboutthenewsthathegotafullmarkinthisexamination.(同位语从句)2.ThisisgoodnewsthatIheardfromMary.(定语从句)3.Hecan’tanswerthequestionhowhegotthemoney.(同位语从句)4.Thisisaneasyquestionthatheansweredinclass.(定语从句)五.【连接代词