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-1-LessonTwo：LegalProfession法律职业PartOne：TheBar第一部分律师协会Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务，每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求。Mostrequirethreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegree.大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位。Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试。Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmultiple-choicetest,towhichthestateaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.不过，几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”，这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试，在这项考试之外，各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试。Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationseachyearand,afteraninquiryintotheircharacter,areadmittedtothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习。Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourt,butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同，但一般来讲，那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业。Alawyer'spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务。However,onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmittedwithoutexaminationifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.但是，只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.律师不仅可以从事法律事务，还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务。Itisnotuncommonforthepracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,andmayreturntoprivatepracticefromthese律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其-2-otheractivities.它事务，回头开始私人执业。Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencedbythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯，他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。Thereisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。ThedistinctionbetweenbarristersandsolicitorsfoundinEnglanddidnottakerootintheUnitedStates,andthereisnobranchoftheprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。TheAmericanlawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counselling,anddrafting.美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthepracticeoflawthedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。Inthefieldofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。Nonlawyersare,however,authorizedtorepresentothersinformalproceedingsofajudicialnaturebeforesomeadministrativeagencies.不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。Thelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounsellinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeoflawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。However,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYork’shighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawoftheforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。Aforeignlawyermay,however,beadmittedtothebarofoneofthestatesandmay,evenwithoutbeingadmitted,adviseanAmericanlawyerasaconsultantonforeignlaw.但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。PartTwo：LawyersinPrivatePractice第二部分私人执业中的律师Amongthesefifteenlawyersinpractice,nine,aclearmajority,aresinglepractitioners.每十五个执业律师中有九个（明显的多数）都是单独执业者。Theremainingsixpracticeinlawfirms,whicharegenerallyorganizedaspartnerships.剩下六个在律师事务所执业，这些所一般是合伙制。Fourorfiveofthesesixarepartnersandtheothersare这六个律师中有四到五个都是合伙人，-3-associates,atermappliedtosalariedlawyersemployedbyafirmoranotherlawyer.其余的为非合伙律师（雇佣律师）。Thistrendtowardgrouppracticeisofrelativelyrecent