context-(2)

PragmaticsChapter1ContextDefinitionDevelopmentandClassificationsFunctionsContextandTranslationContext,inthenarrowsense,isregardedastheinternalrelationsofatext,thatisco-text,whileinthebroadsense,contextcanalsorefertothecontextofsituationandcontextofculture.DefinitionItisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.)Development--MalinowskiB.Malinowski(1884-1942),aPolishanthropologist,isthefirsttoformulatetheconceptof“context”.Raisedthecontextofsituationthecontextofculture马林诺夫斯基在南太平洋的特罗布兰德群岛(TrobriandIslands)工作期间，当他试图翻译当地土著居民的语言时，他发现要把当地土著语言的话语翻译成英语非常困难，例如”wood”（树木、树林）这个词在当地土著语言中的意思是”桨、橹”（oar）。这使马林诺夫斯基认识到土著语言中词句的意思在很大程上依赖语境。如果不把他们的话语与当时的情景结合，就不能理解他们的话语的意思。Development1923,inthesupplementto“TheMeaningandMeaning”…sointherealityofaspokenlivingtongue,theutterancehasnomeaningexceptinthecontextofsituation.Malinowski(1923:307)DevelopmentHedistinguishedthreetypesofcontextofsituation:situationsinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodilyactivity,narrativesituationsandsituationsinwhichspeechisusedtofillaspeechvacuum(HuZhuanglin2001:302).Development1935inhisbookCoralGardensandTheirMagic,contextofcultureDevelopment--FirthJ.R.Firth(1890-1960)Frithdevelopedthenotionof“contextofsituation”and“contextofculture”Firthputforwardtheideathatinanalysingatypicalcontextofsituation,boththesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontextofatextshouldbetakenintoconsideration.Development1957,inhisPapersofLinguistics,helistedamodelthatcoversboththesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontextofatext:A)therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants:persons,personalitiesa)theverbalactionoftheparticipantsb)thenon-verbalactionoftheparticipantsB)therelevantobjects,includingtopics,events,andnon-linguistic,non-humaneventsC)theeffectsoftheverbalaction.(ibid)Development--HallidayHalliday(1964)proposedthenotionofregister,anamegiventoavarietyoflanguagedistinguishedaccordingtouse.--“LinguisticSciencesandLanguageTeaching”Registerisactuallyarepresentationofthecontextofsituation.Register(语域)fieldofdiscourse（语场）tenorofdiscourse（语旨）modeofdiscourse（语式）Development--HymesAmericansociolinguistDellHymesalsopresentedhisviewoncontext.Hymes(1968)categorizesthespeechsituationintermsofeightcomponents:DevelopmentS（Situation）情景P(Participants)参与者E(Ends)结局A(Actsequence)行为特点K（Key/manner）基调I(Instrumentalities)媒介N(Normsofinteraction)交际规则G(Genres)风格/类型。Development–Sperber&WilsonRelevance:Communication&CognitionAcontextisapsychologicalconstruct,asubsetofthehearer’sassumptionsabouttheworld.Itistheseassumptions,ratherthantheactualstateoftheworld,thataffecttheinterpretationofanutterance.早在上世纪三十年代初期，陈望道先生在《修辞学发凡》中提出修辞要适应情景和题旨的理论。他在书中提出修辞要适应情境和题旨的“六何”理论，即：何故、何事、何人、何地、何时、何如，被中国语言学界公认为是有关“语境”的最早阐述。胡壮麟教授在《语篇的衔接与连贯》一书中专辟一章论述了语境与语用学的关系。他认为语境包括三个方面：一、上下文语境，指语篇内部的环境；二、情景语境，指语篇产生时的周围情况，事件的性质，参与者的关系、时间、地点、方式等；三、文化语境，指说话人所在的言语社团的历史文化和风俗人情，属该言语社团的人一般都能理解其在语篇中的意义。（胡壮麟，1994）何兆熊---P21Functions绝对功能(absolutefunction)制约功能(restrictivefunction)解释功能(explainedfunction)设计功能(functionofdesign)滤补功能(compensativefunction)生成功能(generativefunction)转化功能(transferredfunction)习得功能(acquisitivefunction)西桢光正（1992:26-45）ContextandLanguageStudyRestrictiveFunctiona)Excuseme,couldyoutellmetherighttime,please?b)Whattimeisit,please?c)What’sthetime?d)Howmuchlongerhavewegot?1.EliminatingAmbiguities过关了2.IndicatingReferenceJohnhurriedlyleftherhouse.Hehopednevertoreturntoit.Thedoorslammedbehindhim.3.SupplyingInformationOmittedA:OnetoLondon,please,secondclass.B:Singleorreturn?A:Return,please.B:Secondreturn,London.Onetwenty,please.InterpretativeFunctionA:That’sthephone.B:I’minthebath.A:Okay.