第七版微观经济学-第4章-供给与需求的市场力量

PowerPointSlidespreparedby:AndreeaCHIRITESCUEasternIllinoisUniversity4供给与需求的市场力量©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.1市场与竞争•供给与需求–经济学家们最常使用的词汇–使市场经济运行的力量–买者与卖者行为，以及他们相互之间的影响©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.2市场与竞争•市场–由某种商品或服务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体–买方群体•决定产品的需求–卖方群体•决定产品的供给©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.3市场与竞争•市场采取多种形式–市场组织健全·许多农产品市场–并没有什么组织·某镇上冰淇淋市场©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.4市场与竞争•竞争市场–市场中有许多买者和许多卖者–每一个对市场价格的影响可以忽略不计–价格和数量由买卖双方决定•它们在市场上相互作用©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.5市场与竞争•完全竞争市场–提供出售的货物都是完全相同的–买者和卖者是如此众多•买方或卖方对市场价格有任何影响•价格接受者–市场价格•买者可以购买他们想要的一切•卖者可以出售他们想出售的一切©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.6市场与竞争•垄断–市场上唯一的卖方–价格的决定•其他的市场–在完全竞争与垄断之间©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.7需求•需求量–买者愿意并且能够购买一种物品的数量•需求法则–其他条件不变–当一种商品的价格上升时，商品的需求数量下降的观点–当价格下降时，需求量上升©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.8需求•需求–一种商品的价格和需求量之间的关系–需求表：是一张表–需求曲线：是一张图•价格在垂直轴•水平轴的数量•个人需求–个人对产品的需求©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.9图1©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.Catherine需求曲线和需求曲线需求曲线需求表是显示每个价格水平下的需求量的表。根据需求表画出需求曲线图表示一种物品的需求量如何随其价格变动而变动。较低的价格增加了需求量，因此需求曲线向下倾斜。冰淇淋的价格冰淇淋的数量$0.000.501.001.502.002.503.0012cones10864200121011912345678冰淇淋的数量$3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的价格1.价格下降...2....需求量上升10需求•市场需求–为一种商品或服务的所有个人需求总和•市场需求曲线–水平的个体需求曲线–一种商品的总需求量的变化•商品价格各不一样•其他条件不变©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.11图2©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.作为个人需求之和的市场需求一个市场的需求量是所有买者在每一价格水平下水平下的需求量总和。因此，可以通过把个人需求曲线水平相加而得出市场需求曲线。在价格2美元时，Catherine的需求量是4个冰淇淋蛋卷，Nicholas的需求量是3个冰淇淋蛋卷。在这一价格水平下，在市场上的需求量是7个冰淇淋蛋卷。12图2©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.作为个人需求之和的市场需求DCatherine0121011912345678冰淇淋的数量$3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的价格Catherine的需求DNicholas01234567冰淇淋的数量$3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的价格Nicholas的需求+=DMarket018246810121416冰淇淋的数量$3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的价格市场需求13需求•需求曲线的移动–需求量的上升•每一价格水平下的变化，增加的的数量•需求曲线向右移动–需求量的减少•每一价格水平下的变化要减少需求量的数量•需求曲线向左移动©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.14图3©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.需求曲线的移动冰淇淋的价格冰淇淋的数量0需求曲线,D1需求曲线,D3需求曲线,D2需求上升需求减少既定价格水平下，任何使买者想购买的数量都增加的变动都会使需求曲线向右移动。既定价格水平下，任何使买者想购买的数量都减少的变动都会使需求曲线向左移动。15需求•可以改变需求曲线的变量–收入–相关物品价格–爱好–预期–买者数量©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.1