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Awordofwarning:Notallthekeysprovidedherearecorrect.Useyourbrains!!!Unit1pp.9-16P.9CheckYourUnderstanding:a-d:Fe.TIn-ClassActivities1…f.Wordhasitthey’redivorcing.a.Somethinghewouldtalkaboutb.thingsthataresaid,contrastedwiththingsthataredonec.thepromiseonehasmaded.spokencommandorsignale.informationf.pieceofnews;messageP102.(1)fivecriteria:Potentialpause:Thepause,whichhappenswhenyousayasentence,willtendtofallbetweenwords,andnotwithinwords.Indivisibility:Theextraitemswillbeaddedbetweenthewordsandnotwithinthem.Minimalfreeforms:thesmallestunitsofspeechthatcanmeaningfullystandontheirown.Phoneticboundaries:Itissometimespossibletotellfromthesoundofawordwhereitbeginsorends.Semanticunits:eachwordinasentencehasaclearmeaning.(2)Doyouthinkthesecriteriaarequestionableinanyway?Cantheybeappliedtotheidentificationofzi,theroughChineseequivalentoftheEnglish“word”?No,astheaboveanalysisexplained.No,theycannot.Forexample,流连and蹒跚aredanchuci(单纯词)whichcannotbeanalyzedindependently.P113.(1)SupposewewanttoknowwhatarethetenmostfrequentlyusedEnglishwords.Whatarethey,asfarasyoucantell?HowaboutChinese?The,of,to,and,a,in,is,it,you,that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着3.(2)Theyarebasicallyfunctionalwords.possessivewords(of,的)numberwords(a,一)copulawords(is,是)conjunctions(and,和)andlocalizers(in,在);Englishhasthedefinitearticletheandseveralpronouns,you,thatanditwhichareabsentinChinese.4.wordsarearbitrary(i.e.notmotivated)onomatopoeicwords“sl-”ishighlysuggestiveofthemeaningofthewordsthatcontainit,suchas“slide”,“slip”,and“slush”.(1)Babble,bang,grunt,splash;噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No,thesewordsareonlyasmallpartofEnglishorChinesevocabulary(2)Footballandhandballconcernthebodypartwhichkick/passtheballfromoneplacetoanother,andbasketballisnamedafterabasketintowhichtheballisput.(3)Peoplehavebodilyembeddedknowledgetoinferthesemotivationsofsuchusage.Thefirstexampleconcernsthemetaphorandsecondmetonymy.(4)Somefigurativeusagesarealsohighlymotivated.Forexample:Necessityisthemotherofinvention.5.BritishEnglish(BEforshort)andAmericanEnglish(AEforshort)P13(1)half,advance,advantage,after,answer,ask,glance,glass,grasp(2)grammaticaldifferences:InAmericanEnglishwesay“graduatefromschool”;whileinBritishEnglish,wesay“leaveschool”.InAmericanEnglish,ithas“putupprice”,whileinBritishEnglish,itis“raiseprice”(3)distinctivespellings:ForChinesecharacters“博览会”,BritishEnglishhas“fair”whileAmericanEnglishuserstradeshow.“Liftandelevator”,and“autumnandfall”aremoreexamples.(4)samewordswithdifferentmeanings:onebillion/firstfloor/pantsonebillion(Brit)thenumber1000000000000万亿之数(US)thenumber1000000000十亿之数firstfloorInBritishEnglishthefloorofabuildingatstreetlevelisthegroundfloorandthefloorabovethatisthefirstfloor.InUSEnglishthestreet-levelflooristhefirstfloorandtheoneaboveisthesecondfloorpants(Brit)men'sunderpants;women'sorchildren'sknickers(US)trousers6.BarackObama’schoiceofwords(1)Empathymeansidentificationwithandunderstandingofanother'ssituation,feelings.Theabilitytostandinsomebodyelse’sshoesSympathyisdefinedasfeelingofpityandsorrow(forsb.)(2)Hope,accordingtoObama,isthatsomethingbetteriswaitingforusifwe’rewillingtoworkforitandfightforit,ifwearewillingtobelieve.Hedifferentiateshopefromwhatisblindoptimismorwillfulignoranceoftheproblemsweface(3)“Asfathersandparents”,whynotasfathersandmothers:OpentodiscussionPost-ClassTasks1.functionalwordsLikeallwhohaveheldthisofficebeforeme,Ihaveexperiencedsetbacks.TherearethingsIwoulddodifferentlyifgiventhechance.YetIhavealwaysactedwiththebestinterestsofourcountryinmind.IhavefollowedmyconscienceanddonewhatIthoughtwasright.YoumaynotagreewithsometoughdecisionsIhavemade.ButIhopeyoucanagreethatIwaswillingtomakethetoughdecisions.2.Forexample,welearnthat“word”canbeusedtoreferto“rumor”,andweknowitmeans“rumor”inthesentence“Thewordisthathe'sleftthecountry.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”Butactually,wewillnotwritethesentence,esp.,saythesentenceindailyconversations.Bythisexample,weshowthatreceptivelexicalknowledgeconcernswhatyoulearnedandproductivelexicalknowledgeconcernswhatyouwouldputintopractice.Readingvocabularymaybethelargesttypeofvocabulary,becauseyoumayrecognizethemeaningofawordwithoutusingitindailyexchangesorinacademicwriting.3.No,lexicalcompetencecoversalargerscopethatthatofproductivelexicalknowledge.4.underlinewordequivalentsLanguageiscomposedofnotjustindividualwords,butalsowordequivalents,suchaswordgroups(orcompoundwords),chunkssuchasidioms,formulaicsequences,andso.Thelatterisattractingmoreandmorescholarlyattentionthesedays.Thus,lexicologyismorepreciselydefinedasthescientificstudyofthewordsandwordequivalentsinalanguage.Unit2pp.24-29CheckYourUnderstanding:a-e.FIn-ClassActivities1.(1)Sispronouncedas[s][zand[iz]]whenitisrespectivelyattachedtoavoicelessconsonant,avoicedconsonantoravowel,andanywordsendingwiths,zorpronouncingas[s]or[z].(2)Yes,forexample,thepluralformofsheepremainsunchanged,andmanhasitspluralformrealizedas“men”.(3)Theusualallomorphsofthemorphemeofthepasttensemayberealizedas[t],[d]and[id]2.prefixesofnegation:a-,un-,in-(ir-,il-),dis-,mis-,non-,de-symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforg