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TheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticism1.Distinctfeatures2.LeadingfiguresDistinctfeatures•1.Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedify熏陶ratherthantoentertain•2.Americanromanticismpresentedanentirelynewexperiencealien相异的toEuropeanculture(thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenofEdeninAmerica,thePuritanheritage遗产)•3.AmericanromanticismproducedafeelingofnewnesswhichinspiredtheromanticimaginationAmericanRomanticismVS.EuropeanRomanticism•EuropeanRomanticism:expressedtheideology意识形态andsentiment感情ofclassesandsocialstrata阶层whowerediscontentwith,andopposedto,thedevelopmentofcapitalism•AmericanRomanticism:1.lesswelldefined,exhibitingmodifications修改fromthepeculiarnatureofAmericancultureofthetime2.wasverycomfortablewithAmericanspiritualheritageanditsidealsofdemocracyandequalitySimilarities•1.Moralenthusiasm•2.Intuitiveperception•3.Faithinthevalueofindividulism•4.Apresumptionthatthenaturalworldisasourceofgoodnessandhumansocietyasourceofcorruption贪污TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism1.TheAmericannationalexperienceofpioneeringintothewestprovedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.2.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.3.WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.4.TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.Leadingfigures•EarlyAmericanRomanticism:1.WashingtonIrving2.JamesFenimoreCooper3.WilliamCullenBryant4.HenryWadsworthLongfellow•Transcendentalism:1.RalphWaldoEmerson2.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗•HighRomantics:1.EdgarAllanPoe2.NathanielHawthorne3.HermanMelville4.WaltWhitman5.EmilyElizabethDickinsonWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)•thefirstprosestylistofAmericanromanticismMasterpieces•TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent:1.TheauthordrewuponthefascinatingwildernessofhisnativeNewYorkforhisartisticmaterial.2.TheLegendofSleepyHollow&RipVanWinklearesetonafictional虚构的groundofNewEnglandinwhichrealityandimaginationconverge..聚合•BracebridgeHallandTalesofaTraveller•SpanishbooksJamesFenimoreCooper(1789–1851)•aprolificandpopularAmericanwriter(novelist)Masterpieces•TheLeatherstockingTales:fivenovelssetintheearlyfrontierperiodofAmericanhistoryaboutAmericanwilderness•ThePioneers(1823)•TheLastoftheMohicans(1826)•ThePrairie(1827)•ThePathfinder(1840)•TheDeerslayer(1841)•TheyillustratetheimportanceofthefrontierandthewildernessforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.•NattyBumppo(thecenturalfigure)isasymboloftheAmericandesireforunitywithnature.•ThroughNattyBumppo,CooperwasabletoexaminewhathappenedtoAmericancultureasitbecamemoreandmorecivilizedascivilizationpushedfartherandfartherwest.WilliamCullenBryant(1794–1878)•romanticpoet,journalist,andeditor•oneoftheearliestnaturalistpoets•theAmericanWordsworthMasterpieces•Thanatopsis死亡观:BryantdevelopsaviewofdeathwhichrepresentsasharpbreakfromthePuritanattitudetowardman'sfinaldestiny.TothePuritans,deathwasseenasapreliminary准备toanafterlife.Bryant,however,treatsdeathaspartofnature,thedestinyofusall,andthegreatequalizer.•ThePrairies大草原；牧场:Heusedatypeofpoetrycalledblankverse.ThepoemconnectspastandfutureintheAmericanprairies.HenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807-1882)•poet,educator•thefirstAmericantotranslateDante'sTheDivineComedy神曲（意大利诗人但丁作品）；•oneofthefiveFireside炉边Poets•thefirstAmericanpoettowritethenarrative叙述的poemsMasterpieces•narrativepoems:Evangeline伊万杰琳TheSongofHiawatha海华沙之歌TheCourtshipofMilesStandish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚•TheSongofHiawathaisofspecialsignificanceasitisthefirstAmericanepic史诗；叙事诗inblankverse无韵诗abouttheAmericanIndians.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)•essayist,lecturer,andpoet•ledtheTranscendentalistmovement•achampion(supporter)ofindividualism•aprescient预知的criticofthecountervailing抵消的；对抗性的pressuresofsocietyMasterpieces•Nature:•IthasbeencalledthemanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism.•TheAmericanScholar:•IthasbeencalledAmerican'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependencebecauseEmersoncalledonAmericanwriterstowriteaboutAmericainanAmericanwayinsteadofimitatingthingsforeign.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)•aprosestylist,•aloverofnature,•aNewEnglandmystic,•asocialphilosopher,•aparticularkindofromantic,•athoroughtranscendentalistMasterpieces•Walden(areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings):1.Itisdeceptively迷惑地causualandreadslikeadiaryofanaturelover.2.It'saspiritualbook3.style:•propheticvoice•directforcefulsentence•conversationalintone•humor•proverbialexpressions•brieftales,fables寓言andallegoriesn.寓言•metaphorstomakethereadersevaluatethewayhelivedandthoughttorevealthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryone'slifetocondemntheweaknessanderrorsofsocietyEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)•partoftheAmericanRomanticMovement•bestknownforthetalesofmysteryandthemacabre；以死亡为主题的•oneoftheearliestAmericanpractitioners实践者oftheshortstory•theinventorofthedetectivefictiongenre侦探小说流派•contributedtotheemerginggenreofsciencefictionMasterpieces•ToHelen:•TheRavenThetruebeautyPhysicalbeauty+SpiritualbeautyNathanielHawthorne(180