AmericanRomanticism(1800-1865)Contents2.IntroductiontoAmericanTranscendentalism3.WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文(1783——1859)4.JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789——1851)5.WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特(1794——1878)6.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·艾伦·坡1.IntroductiontoAmericanRomanticism7.RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生8.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817——1862)9.NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804——1864)10.HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819——1891)11.HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗12.WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼(May31,1819-March26,1892)13.EmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森(1830——1886)Origin•Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.•startedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBook•endedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.《见闻札记》《草叶集》Romanticism:Itisaliteraryattitudeinwhichimaginationisconsideredmoreimportantthanformalrulesandreason.Romanticism,asappliedtothesocialpoliticalandliteraryrevolutionthatsweptthroughWesternEuropefrom1789to1832,suggestschangessuchasincreasingemphasisontheindividualasopposedtosocialconventionandtradition,emphasisonmysteryandthesupernaturalstrangenessandwonderasopposedtocommonsense,emphasisontheimaginativeandemotionalasopposedtotherational.NationalinfluencesInternationalinfluencesNationalInfluencesA.Inpolitics:democracyandpoliticalequalitylaythefoundationofRomanticism;Americancameintoapolitical,economicandculturalindependence.Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.B.Ineconomics:thespreadofindustrialism;thesuddeninflux(涌入)ofimmigrationandthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest;alltheseproducedsomethingofaneconomicboomand,withit,atremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.C.Inculture:thepublicationofWebster’sDictionarymarkedthebeginningoftheAmericanEnglish;theappearanceofmanymagazinesandnewspapers.Ever-increasingmagazinesplayedanimportantroleinfacilitatingliteraryexpansioninthecountry.DThewoman’sissue.Bythemid-century,thebreadlinesandsoupkitchensofpublicaidsocietieshadbecomeanimportantpartofAmericanurbanlife.Somewomenthusaskedfortheirrightstovoteandtoownproperty.In1837,thefirstwomen’scollegewasestablishedinMassachusetts.ETheslaveryissue.Slaveryexistedtogetherwiththeanti-slaveryconceptions.Withthehelpofthousandsofslaves,theexpansionoftheeconomybecamepossible.Externalcauses:1.ForeigninfluencesstimulatedthegrowthofromanticisminAmerica.RomanticMovementinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluence;2.ManyEnglishandEuropeanmastersofpoetryandprosemadestimulatingimpactonAmericanRomanticism.TheinfluenceofSirWalterScottwasparticularlypowerfulandenduring.BackgroundofRomanticismIndustrialization(economicboom)Immigration(melting-pot)WestwardexpansionForeigninfluencesOptimismandhopeamongpeopleDistinctFeatureofAmericanRomanticism1.Itwastheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”;2.bothimitativeandindependent11DistinctFeatureofAmericanRomanticismThemes:home,familyandchildren,nature,idealizedlove;ApathytomajorproblemsofAmericanlifeTechnique:Traditionalmetersandstanzaforms,BritishEnglish,stereotypedmetaphors(模式化隐喻),explicitandsuperficialsymbolismMajorwritersofthisperiodPoets:HenryWordsworthLongFellow,EdgarEllenPoe,WaltWhitman,EmilyDickinsonFiction:WashingtonIrving—comicfablesJamesFenimoreCooper—frontieradventuresNathanielHawthorne—psychologicalromancesEdgarAllenPoe—GothictalesRepresentatives:WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文(1783——1859)JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789——1851)WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特(1794——1878)EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·艾伦·坡RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817——1862)NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804——1864)HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819——1891)HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼(May31,1819-March26,1892)1.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)•FatherofAmericanLiterature•1stAmericanwriter•1stAmericanimaginativewritertogaintheinternationalfame•TheonlyAmericanwriterofhisgenerationwhocouldchidetheBritishinanatmosphereofgoodhumor.LifeandliterarycareerBorn:3April1783Died:28November1859namedforGeorgeWashington;hisparentswereadmirersofGeneralWashington.Irvingwasbornin1783,theyearinwhichBenjaminFranklinsignedatParisthetreatyofpeacewithEnglandaftertheRevolutionaryWar.1.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)Birthplace:NewYorkCityFamilybackground:aratherwealthymerchantfamilyEducation:readingwidelyinEnglishliteratureathome;studyinglawbutshowingmoreinterestinliterature先后在几个律师事务所学法律,但对法律并没有兴趣,喜爱文学,喜爱四处游历。From1804to1806hisolderbrothersfinancedhistourofFranceandItaly.幼年体弱多病,16岁辍学;1804年因病赴欧洲休养,到过法国、意大利和英国,一度想成为画家。Irvingtravelsalot:•travellingexperience:•toGermanyinpursuitofaninterestinGermanRomanticism;•toParissocialcomedy;•toSpainAHistoryof…历史传记•BacktoUSAwesternadventures1806年回国后在Virginia任律师,后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚,妻子早逝于1809年,后来他虽有过几次恋爱,却一直过着独身生活。1807年,他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办刊物《杂拌》(Salmagundipapers),开始了他的文学创作活动,显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》(AHistoryofNewYork,1809年)•UnderthepseudonymDiedrichKnickerbocker,hepublishedAHistoryofNewYork(1809),asatirethathasbeencalledthefirstgreatbookofcomicliteraturewrittenbyanAmerican.•此后10年,除英美战争期间曾于1814年担任过短期军职之外,一直在帮助他的哥哥经商,1815年欧文去英国利物浦在他哥哥所开设的分行工作;1818年分行因经济萧条而倒闭,欧