美国的性骚扰概念及其发展

284Vol.28No.420104HebeiLawScienceApr.20102009-11-261967-、、。4300812070《》“”。80。、、、、、。DF1A1002-3933201004-0172-06TheDefinitionofSexualHarassmentandItsEvolutionintheUnitedStatesGENGDian-leiInternationalSchoolWuhanUniversityofScienceandTechnologyWuhan430081ChinaAbstractInthe1970stheconceptofsexualharassmentwasinitiatedbyfeministsinAmericafromtheperspectiveofsexdiscriminationwhichwasestablishedinduecoursethroughachainoffederalcourtcasesandtheEEOCregulation.Thedefinitionofthetermhoweverhassinceundergonesomeevolutionasnewprecedentsestablishedinsomelandmarkcasesregardingvariouskeyelementsoftheconceptsuchasthedomainsapplicablesexandsexualorientationtheindirectvictimthereasonablepersonandthereasonablewomenamongothers.KeywordstheconceptofsexualharassmentdefinitionAmericanlaw“”sexualharassment。18。2060、70。。、。、“”。《》12。。1930。3。3。20。“”12。4。。20—271—·SimondeBeauvior《》TheSecondSex19“”“”socialgender5。2060、70、、、、、。2050、60。“”6。、1961President’sCommissionontheStatusofWomen《》EqualPayAct1963。。。1964《》CivilRightsAct“/”“sex”、、、7。1972EqualEmploymentOppor-tunityCommissionEEOC。。。1973·MaryRowe“”sexualharassment8。“”1975·LinFarley、·SusanMeyer、·KarenSauvigne。WorkingWomen’sInstitute20709。Barnesv.Train1974“”。Barnesv.Train1974Cornev.Bausch＆LombInc.1975Millerv.BankofAmerican1976Tomkinsv.PSE＆G197610。《》“”“sex”gendersexualitysexualbehavior11。。。1976Williamv.Saxbe。。quidproquosexualhar-assment“”“unwelcomedconductofsexualnature”10。1977Barnesv.Coastle、Barnesv.Train、Tomkinsv.PSE＆G3。Alexanderv.YaleUniversity3。“”。·Cathar-ineA.Mackinnon。。10。《》“”1979《》SexualHarassmentofWorkingWomen。“”“。”12。。“”“”。、4。4。—371—。、。。。、《》13。。1980《》EEOCPolicyGuidanceonSexualHarassment“”“、123、。”143hostileworkenvironmentsexualharassment。。Brownv.CityofGutherie1980Bundyv.Jackson1981。1982Hensonv.CityofDundee。1986MeritorSavingsBankFSBv.Vinson。《》。。“unwelcome。Vinsonunwelcomevolunary。”、、、。。。。。“”。“”severeorpervasive。12。、、、80。《》。。、。1964《》《》14EqualProtec-tionCauseofthe14thAmendament、《》CivilRightsActof1991、《》workers’compensationlaw、《》unemploymentcompensation。EEOC《》1980、《》1988PolicyGuidanceonCurrentIssuesofSexualHarass-ment、《》1990PolicyGuidanceonCurrentIssuesofSexualHarassment。、、、、15。、、。。。1.。、、、4。—471—12。16。《》。1972《》TheEducationAmendmentsActof1972TitleIX“onthebasisofsex、。”3“”“”。OfficeforCivilRightsNationalAd-visoryCouncilonWomen’sEducationalPrograms。1976《》。1977Alexanderv.YaleUniversity17。1986BethelSchoolDistrictNo.403v.Fraser“、”。1992Franklinv.GwinnettCountyPublicSchools《》。Doev.Petaluma1994、Davisv.MonroeCountyBoardofEducation1999、Murrellv.SchoolDistrictNo.119993。。1991926。。———。1995“”。GeneC.McKinney。199617。1998。20004、53ClaudiaJ.Ken-nedy199610。SERESurvivalEvasionResistanceandEscape“Evasion”“”。。1998Jensonv.EvelethTaconiteCo.。17。。。18。1997、1998。。。2.“”、、。、、、。1985Kersulv.SkullsAngelsInc.“”non-employeesexualharass-ment。1992San-draRodriguez-Hernandezv.OccidentalInternationalRodriguez“”12。1980、correctiveaction。。Marentettev.MichiganHost1980、EEOCv.SageRe-altyCorp.1981EEOCv.NewtownInnAssociation1986、。3.。。。。—571—。199843Oncalev.SundownerOffshoreServicesInc.1964《》12。。·SusanM.Dodds、·LucyFrost·RobertPargetter·ElizabethW.Prior19。SexualOrientation。。《》。3。4.、、。1983To-scaunov.Nimmo“”Indirectsexualharassment。12。。。20。5.“”Scottv.SearsRoebuckInc.1986psychologicaldebili-ty。1993Harrisv.ForkliftSystemsInc.“”reasonableperson1221。《》、、“”“”。3。、“”3。6.“”“”reasonableness。“”“”reasona-blevictim“”reasonableperpetrator“”“”。。“”。“”resonalblewomen。。1991Ellisonv.Brady“”。。“”“”、22。。。。“”、。。。“”。—671—、。、。。1991ClarenceThoamsAnitaHill《》。。23。U.S.MeritSystemsProtectionBoard《、》SexualHarassmentIntheFederalWorkplaceTrendsProgressContinuingChal-lenges。、、。、。1993Harrisv.ForkliftSys-temsInc.。。、。、24。25。。1HolyBibleM.GenesisRuth28915.2HolyBibleM.2Timothy31－3Today＇sEnglishVersion.3MacKinnonCatharineA.andRevaB.Siegel.DirectionsinsexualharassmentlawM.NewHavenYaleUniversityPress2003.p.3p.370、pp.470－471p.41pp.51－56pp.51－53pp.63－64p.206p.566p.405、p.408.4.———M.2008.pp.1－2pp.51－53p.66pp.58－59.5BeauvoirSimonede.ThesecondsexM.LondonVintage1949.6KolmarWendyetal.ed.FeministtheoryareaderM.CaliforniaMayfieldPublishingCompany2000.7FreemanJo.How“sex”gotintotitleVIIpersistentopportunismasmakerofpublicpolicy9Law＆InequalityJ.11n.21990110Cog.Rec.2577－841964BeverleyH.8SexualharassmentEB/OL.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassmen.2008-09-13.9BrownmillerSusan.InourtimememoirofarevolutionJ.TheDialPress1sted.1999.p.281.10MarshalAnna－Maria.ConfrontingsexualharassmentthelawandpoliticsofeverydaylifeM.BurlingtonAshgatePublishingCompany2005.pp.39－41pp.40－41p.36.11McFarlandDenorahN.BeyondsexdiscriminationaproposalforfederalsexualharassmentlegislationJ.65FordhamLawReview5051996.12GregoryRaymondF.UnwelcomeandunlawfulsexualharassmentintheAmericanworkplaceM.IthacaandLondonCornelUniversityPress2004.pp.172－173pp.47－60pp.72－81pp.152－155pp.188－200pp.61－67pp.93－102.13MacKinnonCatharineA.SexualharassmentofworkingwomenacaseforsexdiscriminationM.NewHavenYaleUniversityPress1979.14EEOC.EEOCpolicyguidanceonsexualharassmentEEOCPolicyguidancemanualS.1980.15.J.200411.16WrightDziechBillieandLindaWeiner.Thele