1高中重点语法-----定语从句【考点】对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:1.定语从句的功用和结构;2.关系代词和关系副词的功用;3.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法;【精讲】一.定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday.二.关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。1.作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如:Idon’tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.2.作宾语:SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday.3.作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如:What’sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?4.作状语I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.三.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。例如:Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。例如:MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehascome.3.whose指人,在定语从句中作定语。例如:Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.4.which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。2例如:Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.5.that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如:I’vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.6.when指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.7.where指地点,在定语从句中作状语。例如:Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.四.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears.五.具体使用时还要注意下列问题:1.只能使用that,不用which的情况:(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。例如:Allthathesaidistrue.(2)先行词被only,no,any,all,等词修饰时。例如:Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如:Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。例如:Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如:Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.2.只能用which,不用that的情况:(1)在非限制性定语从中。例如:Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。例如:Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.3高中重点语法之---状语从句状语从句主要有:(九种)时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、(结果、方式、比较、)一、时间状语从句1.常见关联词1).基本类包括before,after,when,while,as,since,till,until,once,assoonas等。如:DidanyonecallwhenIwasout?我不在家时谁来过电话吗?Wehaveknowneachothersincewewerechildren.我们从小认识。You’llfeelbetterafteryoutakethepills.吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。Makesurethatallthelightsareoffbeforeyougotobed.睡觉前一定要关灯。Don’tpromisehimanythingtillwe’vehadtimetothinkaboutit.在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。2).句型类包括nosooner…than,hardly…when;scarcely…when等。如:Ihadnosoonerclosedthedoorthansomebodyknocked.我刚把门关上就有人敲门。Hardlywerethewordsutteredwhenhebegantoregretthem.话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。2.考点1).when,while,as显然都可以引导时间状语从句,但用法区别非常大。a)、when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用;而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。①Whydoyouwantanewjobwhenyou’vegotsuchagoodonealready?(get为短暂性动词)你已经找到如此好的工作,为何还想再找新的?②Sorry,Iwasoutwhenyoucalledme.(call为短暂性动词)对不起,你打电话时我刚好外出了。③Strikewhiletheironishot.(is为延续性动词,表示一种持续的状态)趁热打铁。④Thestudentstooknotesastheylistened.(listen为延续性动词)学生们边听课边做笔记。2)、till、until、not.....until的用法Theboydidn’tsmileuntilhesawhismotherNotuntilhesawhismotherdidthelittleboysmile.Itwasnotuntilhesawhismotherthatthelittleboysmiled.Untilhesawhismother,thelittleboydidn’tsmile.3)、表示“一.....就”的连词41、once,assoonas;hardly/scarcely.....when;nosooner.....than;theminute;themoment;theinstant;immediately;directly;instantly都表示“一.....就”4)Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since从句(一般过去时)5)while:1当……时候;2,然而;3,尽管,虽然单选练习:1.“you’rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?”A.asB.whileC.becauseD.if2.It'salmostthreeyears____Ilastsawher.A.sinceB.whenC.thatD.after二、地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere引导,地点状语从句常置于主句之后。至于句首,常用逗号隔开,表示强调作用。WhereIlive,thereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。WhereverIam,Iwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。三、原因状语从句引导词:because,since,as和for1.because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题;他可以与强调词only和just连用;他可用在Itis...that...强调句中Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.2.当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。Since有既然的含义,as引导的原因状语从句,若强调时还可以倒装。Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.Hardashestudied,hepassedthetestwithease.四、条件状语从句连接词主要:if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat、suppose(that)/supposing(that),providing/provided(that),incase等。.1.条件状语从句中时态的用法1)一般现在时表将来UnlessIamfree,Iwon’ttakeyoutothepark.2)if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgowithhim.3)主句和条件从句的时态关系IapologizeifIyou,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offendB.hadoffendedC.shouldhaveoffendedD.mighthaveoffended52.unless=ifnot.Let'sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.Ifyouarenottootied,let'sgooutforawalk.Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.A.unlessB.untilC.ifD.or五,目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导,从句中常有may/might;shall/should;will/would;can/could等例如:Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.1、从句一般位于主句后2、lest,forfearthat,incase引导的目的状语从句,有时含有否定意思,意为以免,以防,生怕Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.六、让步状语从句让步状语从句的引导词though,although,eventhough,evenif1.though和although注意:当有though,although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet/still可连用Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。(谚语)典型例题_________sheisyoung,sheknowsquitealot.A.WhenB.AsC.WhileD.Unless2.as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容