名词性从句第二讲:主语从句Unit4•说出that/what/whether所引导的从句在主句中充当的成分,及引导词的功能。•①Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.(what引导________从句,并在从句中充当________)•②Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.(whether引导________从句,在从句中不充当成分)•③Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.(what引导________从句,并在从句中充当________)•④Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.(what引导________从句,并在从句中充当________)•⑤Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.(that引导________从句,在从句中不充当成分)•⑥Sowhetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.(第一个whether引导________从句;第二个whether引导________从句)•答案:①主语;表语②主语③主语;主语④主语;宾语⑤主语⑥主语;宾语•一、基础点拨•(一)定义•在主从复合句中,充当主语的从句,即为主语从句。•(二)引导主语从句的词及其在句中的功能•1.连接词that和whether/if•that引导主语从句,that在从句中不充当任何成分,仅起连接作用,但不能省略。whether/if引导主语从句,在主从句中不充当任何成分,起连接作用,但有自己的意义,也不可省略。•①Thatshecouldcometohelpusmadeusveryhappy.•她能来帮助我们使我们很高兴。•②Thatthebigearthquakehadkilledmanypeoplefrightenedpeopleallovertheworld.•大地震使很多人丧生令世界震惊。•③Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.•她是否会来仍是个谜。•④Itisstillunknownif/whethertheplanwillbecarriedout.•这个计划是否会实施还不知道。•归纳拓展•(1)whether引导的主语从句置于句首时,不可用if来替换。•(2)if引导主语从句时,要用it作形式主语,将if引导的主语从句后置,此时whether与if可互换。•2.连接代词who,whose,whom,what,which,whichever,whoever,whomever,whatever等。•连接代词引导从句,并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。•①Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatthelittlegirlcouldplaytheviolinsowell.(what引导主语从句,并在从句中充当主语)•最令我吃惊的是那个小女孩拉小提琴拉得那么好。•②Whowillgototheconcertisnotknown.(who引导主语从句,并在从句中作主语)•不知道谁会去听音乐会。•③Whichbooktheywillchooseisstillunknown.(which引导主语从句,并在从句中作定语)•不知道他们会选哪本书。•④Whoeverbreaksthetrafficrulesshouldbepunished.(whoever引导主语从句,并在从句中作主语)•不论谁违反了交通规则都要受到惩罚。•3.连接副词when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however等。•连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作状语。•①Whenweshallholdoursportsmeetingisnotdecided.(when引导主语从句,并在从句中作时间状语)•我们还没决定何时举行运动会。•②Howtheywillreachthetopofthehighmountainisstillunderdiscussion.(how引导主语从句,并在从句中作方式状语)•他们仍在讨论如何到达那座高山的山顶。•③Whywehaven'tmeteachotherforalongtimeisthatshehasgonetoworkabroad.(why引导主语从句,并在从句中作原因状语)•我们有很长时间没有见面的原因是她已去国外工作。•二、难点•(一)主语从句与形式主语it•1.Itis+名词词组+主语从句•It'sapitythatyoumissedthefilm.•你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。•2.Itis+形容词+主语从句。•ItisobviousthatthemanagerofthecoffeeshopwaswaitingforLiFangtoleave.•很明显咖啡店的经理在等李方离开。•名师点拨•在It+be+adj.+从句这一结构中,若形容词为important/necessary/strange/essential等时,主语从句中的谓语用“(should+)do”。如:•Itisveryimportantthatastudent(should)learnEnglishwell.•学生学好英语很重要。•3.Itis+过去分词+主语从句。•ItisreportedthatPresidentXiwillvisitsomeAfricancountriessoon.(it为形式主语,that引导真正的主语从句)•据报道习主席将很快访问非洲的几个国家。•名师点拨•在“Itis+过去分词+主语从句”中,过去分词若为advised/ordered/asked等时,从句谓语用“(should+)do”。•Itisorderedthattheyshouldhandintheirdesignsatonce.(it为形式主语,that引导从句作真正的主语,且从句中谓语用should+do,且should可以省略)•命令他们马上交上他们的设计方案。•4.Itseems/appears/occurstosb/doesn'tmatter/makesnodifference...+主语从句。•Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.•看起来好像要下雨。•5.It+及物动词+宾语+that从句。•Itsurprisedhimthattheycametovisithimsuddenly.•让他吃惊的是他们突然来看他。•(二)主语从句中应注意的问题•1.从句的语序要用陈述语序。•①Whenwewillsetoffisstillunderdiscussion.•我们什么时候动身还在讨论中。•②Whoeverleavestheroomlastisaskedtoturnoffthelights.•无论谁最后离开都要把灯关掉。•2.从句作主语时,主句的谓语一般用单数形式。•Wherehewillgetajobaftergraduationhaspuzzledhimmuch.•毕业后到哪儿找份工作使他很困惑。•名师点拨•what和who引导主语从句时,有时主句谓语的数应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。•①Whattheschoolneedsmucharebooks.•这所学校需要的是书。•②Whattheschoolneedsmuchismoney.•这所学校需要的是钱。•3.从句的时态一般要取决于主句。•Theylosttheirwayintheforestandwhatmadethingsworsewasthatnightbegantofall.•他们在森林里迷路了,更糟糕的是夜幕开始降临。本课练习•Ⅰ.语法填空•1.Everyoneinthevillageisveryfriendly.Itdoesn'tmatter________youhavelivedthereforashortoralongtime.•答案:whether考查名词性从句。句意:村子里的人都很友好,所以你住在那里时间长还是短都没关系。it是形式主语,真正主语是whether引导的名词性从句。•2.Itisimmediatelyclear________thefinancialcrisiswillsoonbeover.•答案:whether考查主语从句的用法。句意:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一时间状语。•3.Ithasbeenproved________eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.•答案:that句意:已经证实童年时期食用蔬菜有助于晚年保护自己避免患严重的疾病。Ithasbeenprovedthat...为主语从句,表示“已经证明……”。例如:Canitbeprovedthathedidcommittheseoffences?能证明他确实犯了这些罪吗?•4.________isobviouslyrightistogiveallchildrenequalopportunitiestodeveloptheirspecialgift.•答案:what考查主语从句的连接词。所缺处引导一个主语从句,并在从句中作句子的主语,所以用what。句意为:明显正确的(做法)就是,给所有的孩子提供平等发展特殊才能的机会。•5.________wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.•答案:what本题主要考查主语从句的用法。句意:她告诉我,对她来说最重要的是家庭。shetoldme为插入语,whatwasmostimportanttoher为主语从句,其中what又是主语从句的主语。其他选项无此双重语法功能。•6.________wantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.•答案:Whoever考查主语从句。whoever意为“任何人,无论谁”,引导主语从句,作从句________wantstostayinahotel的主语。anyone意为“任何一个人”。theone意为“那人,某人”。都不能引导主语从句。who意为“谁”,引导主语从句含有疑问的意味。•7.Itisnoneofyourbusiness________otherpeoplethinkaboutyou.Believeyourself.•答案:whatwhat引导主语从句,并在从句中作think的宾语。it作形式主语。为了使句子保持平衡,常用it代替主语从句或宾语从句,而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面。•8.Itsuddenlyoccurredtohim________hehadlefthiskeysintheoffice.•答案:that考查名词性从句。it是形式主语,真正主语是that引导的主语从句。Itoccuredtosb.that...“某人突然想到……”。•9.________hereferredtoinhisarti