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:2003-09-04;:2003-10-31:国家863计划资助项目(2001AA422270)*,,(东北大学人工智能与机器人研究所,辽宁沈阳110004):人脸图像处理包括人脸检测人脸识别人脸跟踪姿态估计和表情识别等为了构造自动处理人脸图像的信息系统,首先需要鲁棒有效的人脸检测算法分析了有关人脸检测问题的研究方法,并对其进行了分类和评价从基于知识的方法特征不变方法模板匹配方法和基于外观的方法等四个方面介绍了相关的算法和理论,分析了各种方法的优缺点,并提出了关于人脸检测问题的进一步研究方向:人脸检测;人脸识别;基于视觉的识别;统计模式识别;机器学习:TP39141:A:1001-3695(2004)09-0001-04ASurveyofHumanFaceDetectionZHAOLi-hong,LIUJi-hong,XUXin-he(InstituteofArtificialIntelligence&Robotics,NortheasternUniversity,ShenyangLiaoning110004,China)Abstract:Researcheffortsinfaceimageprocessingincludefacedetection,facerecognition,facetracking,poseestimation,expressionrecognitionandsoon.Tobuildfullyautomatedsystemsthatanalyzetheinformationcontainedinfaceimages,robustandefficientfacedetectionalgorithmsareessentiallyrequired.Thepurposeofthispaperistocategorizeandevaluatethesealgorithmsincludingknowledge-basedmethods,featureinvariantapproaches,templatematchingmethodsandappearance-basedmethods.Afteranalyzingthesealgorithmsandidentifyigtheirlimitations,weconcludewithseveralpromisingdirectionsforfutureresearch.Keywords:FaceDetection;FaceRecognition;View-basedRecognition;StatisticalPatternRecognition;MachineLearning1,,,,(FaceDetection)(),,,,()()()(),,,(),,:[1](1)(Knowledge-basedMethods),(2)(FeatureInvariantApproaches),(3)(TemplateMatchingMethods),;(4)(Appearance-basedMethods),(),2,,,,(),;(),,120049:,YangHuang[2],,,,1,(2),12(Lever1)Lever2,Lever3,,,[3]KotropoulosPitas[3][1],I(x,y)mn(x,y),HI(x)=ny=1I(x,y)VI(y)=mx=1I(x,y)HI,,,,,Hough,(95.5%)[4][5],,;,,,[6],33,,,3,,,,,,,,,,Sirohey[7],,Graf[8],()Leung,[9]()YowCipolla[10,11],Gaussian,,;,[12]Han[13],,,[15][16],,,,[17~23],RGBRGB,HSV(HIS),YcrCb,YIQ,YES,CIEXYZCIELUVCr,Cb,R(Cr,Cb),[Cr1,Cr2][Cb1,Cb2],(Cr,Cb)Cr1CrCr2,Cb1CbCb2,,220044Sakai,[24],,Craw()[25]Sobel,,,Govindaraju[26],Miao[27],,-20~20,5Laplacian:,[28],,,,[29],5,,,,,,x,p(x|face)p(x|nonface)Bayesian,xBayesian,p(x|face)p(x|nonface),p(x|face)p(x|nonface),,p(x|face)p(x|nonface)(Eigenfaces)[30,31](DistributionbasedMethods)[32,33],,;()[34~43]Markov(HiddenMarkovModel,HMM)[44,45]HMM,,,HMM,HMMHMMHMM,,(SupportVectorMachines,SVMs)[46~49],SVMs,(),,6:,,,,,,,,,(),:[1]Ming-HsuanYang,DavidJKriegman.DetectingFacesinImages:ASurvey[J].IEEETrans.PatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence,2002,24(1):34-58[2]TSHuang,GZYang.HumanFaceDetectioninaComplexBackground[J].PatternRecognition,1994,27(1):53-63[3]CKotropoulos,IPitas.Rule-basedFaceDetectioninFrontalViewsProc[C].IntlConf.Acoustics,SpeechandSignalProcessing,1997.2537-2540[4]李华胜,杨桦,袁保宗.人脸识别系统中的特征提取[J].北京交通大学学报,2001,25(2):4.[5]姜军,张桂林.一种基于知识的快速人脸检测方法[J].中国图像图形学报(A版),2002,7(1).[6]卢春雨,张长水,闻方,等.基于区域特征的快速人脸检测法[J].39:清华大学学报(自然科学版),1999,39(1):101-105.[7]SASiroheyHumanFaceSegmentationandIdentificationTechnicalReportCS-TR-3176[R].Univ.ofMaryland,1993.[8]HPGraf,etal.LocatingFacesandFacialParts[C].Proc.1stIntlWorkshopAutomaticFaceandGestureRecognition,1995.41-46[9]TKLeung,MCBurl,PPerona.FindingFacesinClutteredScenesUsingRandomLabeledGraphMatching[C].Proc.5thIEEEIntlConf.ComputerVision,1995.637-644.[10]KCYow,RCipollaAProbabilisticFrameworkforPerceptualGroupingofFeaturesforHumanFaceDetection[C].Proc.2ndIntlConf.AutomaticFaceandGestureRecognition,1996.16-21.[11]KCYow,RCipolla.Feature-basedHumanFaceDetection[J].ImageandVisionComputing,1997,15(9):713-735.[12]KCYow,RCipolla.EnhancingHumanFaceDetectionUsingMotionandActiveContours[C].3rdAsianConf.ComputerVision,1998.515-522.[13]CCHan,etal.FastFaceDetectionviaMorphology-basedPreProcessing[C].9thIntlConf.ImageAnalysisandProcessing,1998469-476.[14]HRowley,etal.NeuralNetwork-basedFaceDetection[C].IEEEConf.ComputerVisionandPatternRecognition,1996.203-208.[15]彭进业,俞卞章,王大凯,等.多尺度对称变换及其应用于定位人脸特征点[J].电子学报,2002,(3).[16]王延江,袁保宗,唐晚芳.一种快速彩色图像中复杂背景下人脸检测方法[J].电子学报,2002,(10).[17]JLCrowley,JMBedrune.IntegrationandControlofReactiveVisualProcesses[C].3rdEuropeanConf.ComputerVision,1994,(2):47-58.[18]JLCrowley,FBerard.Multi-ModalTrackingofFacesforVideoCommunications[C].IEEEConf.ComputerVisionandPatternRecognition,1997640-645.[19]RKjeldsen,JKender.FindingSkininColorImages[C].2ndIntlConf.AutomaticFaceandGestureRecognition,1996.312-317.[20]MJJones,etal.StatisticalColorModelswithApplicationtoSkinDetection[C].IEEEConf.ComputerVisionandPatternRecognition,1999.274-280[21]周宗恒,韩懿,高艳芳.基于KL肤色的人脸初定位[J].计算机工程,2001,27(4):109-111[22]彭振云,陶霖密,等.基于颜色分割和KL变换的人脸特征检测[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(4/5):218-221[23]SMcKenna,YRaja,SGong.TrackingColourObjectsUsingAdaptiveMixtureModels[J].ImageandVisionComputing,1998,17(3/4):223-229[24]TSakai,MNagao,etal.LineExtractionandPatternDetectioninaPhotograph[J].PatternRecognition,1969,1:233-248[25]ICraw,HEllis,JLishman.AutomaticExtractionofFaceFeatures[J].PatternRecognitionLetters,1987,5:183-187[26]VGovindaraju.LocatingHumanFacesinPhotographs[J].IntlComputerVision,1996,19(2):129-146[27]JMiao,etal.AHierarchicalMultiscaleandMultiangleSystemforHumanFaceDetectioninaComplexBackgroundUsingGravity-CenterTemplate[J].PatternRecognition,1999,32(7):1237-1248[28]梁路宏,艾海舟,何克忠.基于多模板匹配的单人脸检测[J].中国图像图形学报,1999,823-830[29]周激流,张晔,等.基于先验模板的人脸面部特征提取的研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2000,12(5):33