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Feb.2007,Volume4,No.2(SerialNo.27)US-ChinaEducationReview,ISSN1548-6613,USA1*320018394441selfculturaldichotomies/individualism/collectivismculturalsyndromes[1-3][4]MarkusKitayama[5]/independent/interdependentselfconstruals/[6]/[7]/*NSC93-2752-H-030-001-PAENSC94-2752-H-008-002-PAE【】2meta-theoreticalanalysis/1[8,9]2[10,11]MarkusKitayama[12]Whatisaperson?/independent/interdependentviewsofhumannature[12](70)waysofbeing[12](71)selfways[12](71)[12](71)selfviewsMarkusKitayama[12][6,7]/culture-specificideaoftheselfbiculturalselfBakan[13]Geertz[14][14](48)MarkusKitayama[5][4]trueself[6][6](23)self-determinationmasteryuniqueness[15]relationalbeing[15](233)[16,17]13234[5][4][6][6](18)[18][19][20]compositeselfuniquenessrelatedness[4]biculturalself[19][6,19]MarkusKitayama[5][5](225)[21]psychometricapproach[19]4[22,23]/[24][3]mutuallyconstitutive[25]/[7][4][6]///[6]MarkusKitayama[5]self-otherrelation/[20]self-conceptbasicnatureuniquequalitiestypicalbehavior[26]self-knowledgeSedikedesBrewer[27]individualselfrelationalselfcollectiveself“whoIam”TwentyStatementTestTST“Iam…”5“Iamamemberofahappyfamily”familyselfMarkusKitayama[12]incrementalvalueTriandis[3,28][29,30]OysermanCoonKemmelmeier[24]/[6]MarkusKitayama[5][20]Triandis[3,28][29,30]OysermanCoonKemmelmeier[24][6]MarkusKitayama[5][20]/[4-6]6241.1.11.2”1.31.41.51.61.71.81.92.2.1Self-otherrelation2.1.12.1.22.1.32.1.42.1.52.2Self-grouprelation72.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.42.3Self-societyrelation,includingself-environmentrelation2.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.3.52.3.6consistencyintegration81.21.31.2Rogers[31]“OnBecomingAPerson”thetrueself[32]coherentandconsistent[33][34][33]烺[10]1.3[16,17][35][36][37][38][19][20][6,20][39]91599287488.1076086.96654901611N=760%48463.726835.381.1354.651367.520426.881.143457.1/31641.6101.362181.712115.91.1172.227.618~577.021.2.10[21][40]3.1201304.512561245.11251242[41]MarkusKitayama[5]Triandis[3]13Gudykunst[42]MarkusKitayama[5]124[43]7528613Likert1=6=2Likert1=7=4Likert1=5=2346.7.exploratoryfactoranalysis8.9.Cronbachα11153213.4011114151093079760principal-componentmethodKaiserpromax36obliquefactoreigenvalue1independence19.38%2self-determination10.49%3competition6.80%4consistency4.84%41.16%2.2425p.001.16.5021..7992..7263..7114..6865..6696..6637..6638..6549..63710..60811..55412..54713..52314..522Cronbachα=.8951231..7592..7423..7264..6875..6356..6237..5728..5449..50710..488Cronbachα=.86841..7252..6303..5604..5585..5556..5307..5198..4919..49010..472Cronbachα=.77751..8002..7553..6764..6595..6296..5787..506Cronbachα=.827131contextualself20.08%2interpersonalrelatedness7.13%3self-cultivation4.29%4socialsensitivity3.52%35.02%eigenvalue1.9769p.001.28.5061..7512..7153..6904..6805..6756..6567..5648..5429..48510..41011..381Cronbachα=.84471..8252..7883..7464..7455.”.7156..6937..6278..6149..50410..46411..38412..366Cronbachα=.8581481..6232..6113.”.5964..5825.”.5806..5747.”.5658..5509..43810..42111..36712..361Cronbachα=.81091..6232..5153..5154..5125..4876..4867..4828..4359..362Cronbachα=.703[21]29[40]88415.77~.89.75~.89.60~.82.43~.74CFAGFI.99CFI.96.9825691.411independence142self-determination103competition104consistency72.441contextualself112interpersonalrelatedness123self-cultivation124socialsensitivity94144Cronbachα.78.90Cronbachα.71.86Cronbachα.90.91convergentanddivergentvalidity10/1610/1122.38***.08.43***-.02.44***-.08.34***-.23***.28***-.15***.19***-.05.25***.13**.29***-.05.09*.27***.03.20***-.22***.32***-.09*.49***-.17***.30***-.09*.28***-.13**.30***-.19***.33****p.05**p.01***p.0011[42]2[41]incrementaleffectTypeIerrorGudykurst[42]24%β=.45p.0014%β=.20p.001F=129.60p.001Gudykurst[42]36%β=.60p.0010β=.03ns.F=192.45p.001t1111Pairedt4.034.43-21.71***4.024.42-18.32***4.034.43-11.87***4.004.41-20.57***4.194.57-6.32******p.001171.WilliamJames[44]I-selfMe-selfJamesself-cognitionself-processMarkusKitayama[5]//Tu[15]烺[10]Jen/SedikidesBrewer[27]//individualselfrelationalselfcollectiveself218123457烺[10]PtolemianOyserman[24]valuingpersonalindependencefreedom,self-sufficiency,andcontroloverone’slife3157self-determinationOyserman[24]goalsstrivingforone’sowngoals,desires,andachievements4Oyserman[24]competepersonalcompetitionandwinning5MarkusKitayama[5]Suh[33]consistency614523烺[10]Suh[33]Oyserman[24]contextselfchangesaccordingtocontextorsituation[34]7Oyserman[24]dutyrelateddutiesandsacrificesbeingagroupmemberentailsconsideringcloseothersasintegralpartoftheself19[10]8[16,17][35]MarkusKitayama[5]Oyserman[24]Kim[27]9[6][15]harmony[24]2.[45][1,30][46][18][47]MarkusKitayama[5][41,48][49]//Pearson4×41381.25%p.01.01.63canonicalcorrelation1220.76p.00127%24%121.376.405.30266.03819.42514.470.761***.537***.481***.579.288.232η1η2η31..990.002-.0482..179-.234-.4433..101.686.2984..212.410-.87226.69317.34126.20715.4604.9976.072χ1χ2χ31..923.040.3552..390.661-.4633..737.226-.5024..335.858.26224.0318.8293.82741.49130.63716.516***p.001[10][33]21[35][50]primarycontrol[41][51][18,52,53]1234[1]Hofstede,G.Culture’sConsequences:InternationalDifferencesinWork-relatedValues.NewburyPark,CA:Sage,1980.[2]Kim,U.Ind