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111地形地貌geographicandgeomorphic工程地质条件engineeringgeologicalconditions地形地貌条件geographicandgeomorphicconditions地形landform地貌geomorphology,relief微地貌microrelief地貌单元landformunit,geomorphicunit坡度grade地形图reliefmap河谷rivervalley河道rivercourse河床riverbed(channel)冲沟gully,gulley,erosiongully,stream(brook)河漫滩floodplain(valleyflat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvialplain三角洲delta古河道fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel冲积扇alluvialfan洪积扇diluvialfan坡积裙talusapron分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform溶洞solutioncave,karstcave落水洞sinkhole土洞Karsticearthcave2地层岩性地层geostrome(stratum,strata)岩性lithologiccharacter,rockproperty岩体rockmass岩层bedstratum岩层layer,rockstratum母岩matrix,parentrock相变facieschange硬质岩strongrock,film软质岩weakrock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock岩组petrofabric覆盖层overburden交错层理crossbedding层面beddingplane片理schistosity层理bedding板理（叶理）foliation波痕ripple-mark泥痕mudcrack雨痕raindropimprints造岩矿物rock-formingminerals粘土矿物claymineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene,picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineralcomposition结晶质crystalline非晶质amorphous产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmaticrock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade)rock喷出岩effusiverock深成岩plutonicrock浅成岩pypabysalrock酸性岩acidrock中性岩inter-mediaterock基性岩basicrock超基性岩ultrabasicrock岩基rockbase(batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩株rockstock岩流rockflow岩盖rocklaccolith(laccolite)岩盆rocklopolith岩墙rockdike岩床rocksill22岩脉veindyke花岗岩granite斑岩porphyry玢岩porphyrite流纹岩rhyolite正长岩syenite粗面岩trachyte闪长岩diorite安山岩andesite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt细晶岩aplite伟晶岩pegmatite煌斑岩lamprophyre辉绿岩diabase橄榄岩dunite黑曜岩obsidian浮岩pumice火山角砾岩vulcanicbreccia火山集块岩volcanicagglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentaryrock碎屑岩clasticrock粘土岩clayrock粉砂质粘土岩siltyclaystone化学岩chemicalrock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartzsandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareoussiltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organicmatter粗粒coarsegrain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment(deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒claygrain砂质粘土sandyclay粘质砂土clayeysand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandyloam浮土、表土regolith(topsoil)黄土loess红土laterite泥灰peat软泥ooze淤泥mire,oozedmud,sludge,warpclay冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物（层）proluvium,diluvium,diluvion洪积的diluvial坡积物（层）deluvium残积物（层）eluvium残积的eluvial风积物（层）eoliandeposits湖积物（层）lakedeposits海积物（层）marinedeposits冰川沉积物（层）glacier(drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvialdeposits,colluvium残积粘土residualclay变质岩metamorphicrock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble糜棱岩mylonite混合岩migmatite碎裂岩cataclasite3地质构造地质构造geologicstructure结构构造structuraltexture大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动verticalmovement水平运动horizontalmovement33完整性perfection(integrity)起伏度waviness尺寸效应sizeeffect围压效应confiningpressureeffect产状要素elementsofattitude产状attitude,orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dipangle,angleofdip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘uppersection下盘bottomwall,footwall,lowerwall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normalfault逆断层reversedfault平移断层parallelfault层理bedding,stratification微层理lightstratification地堑graben地垒horst,faultridge断层泥gouge,pug,selvage,faultgouge擦痕stria,striation断裂fracture破碎带fracturezone节理joint节理组jointset裂隙fissure,crack微裂隙finefissure,microscopicfissure劈理cleavage原生裂隙originaljoint次生裂隙epigeneticjoint张裂隙tensionjoint剪裂隙shearjoint卸荷裂隙reliefcrack裂隙率fractureporosity结构类型structuralpattern岩体结构rockmassstructure岩块blockmass结构体structuralelement块度blockness结构面structuralplane软弱结构面weakplane临空面freeface碎裂结构cataclastictexture板状结构platystructure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy,massive层状的laminated巨厚层giantthick-laminated薄层状的finelylaminated软弱夹层weakintercalatedlayer夹层interbedding,intercalatedbed,interlayer,intermediatelayer夹泥层clayeyintercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affectingzone完整性integrityn.Integratev.&a.degreeofintegrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faultedbeddingplane断续的intermittent破碎crumble共轭节理conjugatedjoint散状loose透镜状的lens-shapeda.岩石碎片crag岩屑cuttings,debris薄膜membrane,film层理stratification高角度highdipangle缓倾角lowdipangle反倾anti-dip互层interbedv.Interbeddingn.起伏的unplanar波状起伏的undulate,undulating粒径particlesize构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous剪切错动面shearfaulted,beddingzone44切割dissection切割的dissected致密close,compact构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩faultbreccia方解石脉calcitevein碎块岩clasticrock角砾breccia岩粉rockpowder岩屑debris,debry固结consolidation定向排列orientedspread构造应力tectonicstress残余应力residualstress4水文地质条件hydrogeologicalconditions水文循环hydrologiccycle大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surfacerunoff地下径流subsurfacerunoff流域valley,drainagebasin流域面积drainagearea,riverbasinarea汇水面积catchmentarea地下水groundwater,subsurfacewater地表水surfacewater大气水atmosphericwater气态水aqueous(vapour)water液态水liquidwater固态水solidwater上层滞水perchedwater潜水phreaticwater承压水confinedwater吸着水hygroscopic(adsorptive)water介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力porewaterpressure渗透压力osmoticpressure,seepageforce扬压力upliftpressure静水压力hydrostaticpressure外静水压力externalhydrostaticpressure动水压力hydrodynamicpr