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Unit8构成由动词原形加-ing构成时态和语态的变化主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone功能动词的-ing形式及其短语可以在句中作主语，宾语，表语（统称动名词），定语，补足语和状语（统称现在分词）。否定式由not加动名词组成Learningisdifficultbutinteresting.Wavingone’shandistosay“Hi”or“Goodbye”.Learninghowtoapologizeisimportantininternationalcommunication.Walkingisgoodforhealth.Seeingisbelieving.ReadingaloudisveryimportantinlearningEnglish.【注】在下面结构中，可用it作形式主语，把真正的主语即动名词放在句末。It’snogoodtalkingaboutit.谈也无用。It’snogoodhelpinghim.Hedoesn’thelphimself.It’snousearguingwithTom.Heisstubborn.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itisnogood∕use+动词ing干…没有用一、作直接宾语eg.Gestureisawaytoexpressmeaningandfeelingwithoutwords.Takenoddingtheheadforexample.只可接动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词：avoid避免；appreciate欣赏；admit承认；consider考虑；delay拖延，推迟；dislike；enjoy；escape,逃避；excuse原谅，宽恕；finish、complete完成forgive原谅imagine想象；keep保持；mind介意；prevent阻止miss错过，想念；practice练习；suggest,advise建议；risk冒险。eg.Ihavetodelayansweringtheletter.Allofusenjoyplayingfootball.Excusemycominglate.Canyouimaginehimbecomingfamousasanactor?Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?Doyoumindgivingmeaglassofwater?Ofcourse,Ican’tpreventyourcoming.WeshouldpracticereadingEnglisheveryday.Hesuggestedgoingforawalk.Iadvisewaitingtillthepropertime.Imisslivinginthecountry.Idon’twanttomissseeingthatplayonTVtonight.后接动词的-ing形式作宾语的短语动词：feellike,喜欢，想要..;giveup,放弃；putoff,推迟；befondof,喜欢；beinterestedin,感兴趣；lookforwardto,期望；can’thelp,禁不住;spendin,花费；devote…to,奉献；contributeto,有助于；referto,指的是；leadto,通向；PreferdoingAtodoingB,宁愿A不愿B;insiston,坚持；objectto,反对。eg.Wearefondofswimming.Idon’tfeellikegoingtoworktoday.I’mlookingforwardtogettinganotherjob.Ipreferwalkingtoriding.Idon’tthinkhiswordscontributetosolvingthehardproblem.二、作介词宾语1.OnecannotuseEnglishwellbyknowingonlythewordsandgrammar.2.Wheneveryoucomeacrossnewwordsinyourreading,lookthemupinthedictionary.3.Nothingcanbelearnedwithoutgivingtimeandefforttoit.4.Wearetiredofhavingthesamekindoffoodeveryday.5.Heearnshislivingbyteaching.6.InsteadofgoingtoZhongshanPark,theywenttotheZoo.todosty.doingsth.forgetrememberregretmeangoonstoptry忘记去做某事忘记已经做过某事记住去做某事记住曾做过某事遗憾去做某事后悔做过某事打算/想做某事意味着做某事（做完某事）接着去做另一件事继续做同一件事停下来去做另一件事停止做一件事努力去做某事试着做某事①stopstoptodo停下来去做另一件事（两件事）stopdoing停止正在做的事（一件）eg.Wearetootired,westop____.A.havearestB.tohavearestC.havingarestD.hadarestSeeingtheteachercomein,allstudentsstop_____.A.talkB.totalkC.talkingD.talked②tryeg.Theyoungwomantries____herhusbandnottogoout.A.persuadeB.persuadingC.topersuadeD.persuadedHetriesdoingthejobbyhimself.③forget,rememberforgettodo忘记去做（还没有做）forgetdoing忘记做过（已做）remembertodo记得去做（还没有做）rememberdoing记得做过（已做）eg.Don’tforget____thewindowswhenyouleavethehouse.A.closeB.tocloseC.closedD.closingIremember____theoldmansomeday,butIforgotabouthisname.A.seeB.toseeC.seeingD.seen④regreteg.Iregrettoinformyou:youarearrested.Theoldmanregretsbeatinghisgrandson.⑤gooneg.Thelittlegirlhasarestandgoeson____.A.studyB.studyingC.tostudyD.studiedAlthoughitisdark,Marygoeson____.A.studyB.studyingC.tostudyD.studied⑥meaneg.Idon’tmean___himtotakepartinmyparty,butmywordsmean___.A.toinvite;toinviteB.toinvite;invitingC.inviting;toinviteD.inviting;invitingHisfavoritesportisskating.Whatshelikesbestissingingpopsongs.Thestoryisverymoving.Thenewsissurprising.Herjobwaslookingafterthepigs.Hishobbiesiscollectingstamps.【注】动名词作表语时，不可与进行时态相混淆。试比较：Shewaswashingclothes.（现在进行时）Herjobwaswashingclothes.（动名词）tips动名词：笼统、泛指的意思；抽象或经常性的动作。动词不定式：具体或特定的动作.eg.Thestudentslikeplayingfootball.这些学生喜欢踢足球。（经常性的爱好）Wouldyouliketoplayfootballthisafternoon.你今天下午愿意踢球吗？（指一次的动作）动词的-ing形式以单词形式作定语时，放在所修饰的名词之前eg.areadingroom阅览室writingpaper信纸awalkingstick拐杖buildingmaterials建筑材料asleepingboy睡着的男孩aflyingkite飞着的风筝ThisremindsmeofItaly,whenitwasstilladevelopingcountry.Myfatherworksinaprintingshop.Ourschoolbuiltaswimmingpoollastsummer.Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod.以短语形式作定语时，置于所修饰的名词之后。Thewomancomingtodinnerthiseveningisafriendofmymother’s.-ing分词作定语可以表示(1)所修饰名词的用途。如：awaitingroom(=aroomforwaiting)候车室awalkingstick(=astickforwalking)手杖asleepingcar(=acarforsleeping)卧车（2）所修饰词的性质特征。如：excitingnews令人激动的消息amovingstory一个令人感动的故事所修饰名词正在进行的动作，可以换成定语从句形式。如：asleepingchild(=achildwhoissleeping)正睡觉的孩子awalkingman(=amanwhoiswalking)正散步的男人themanstandingatthegate=themanwhoisstandingatthegate在see,hear,feel,watch,notice，listento,observe等感官动词以及find,lookat,smell,get,leave,have等后可以用-ing形式做宾语补足语，表示宾语进行的动作，具有“主动”和“进行”的含义。eg.SometimeinthenightBillwokeandfoundJoesittingupinbed,crying.Hissonfeltunhappywhenhesawhisclassmateswearingbrandclothes.ItisquiterudetotalkwithapersoninyournativelanguageandleaveyourAmericanfriendsstandingthere.1.时间，原因，方式，条件，伴随，结果状语等；2.表“主动”和“进行”的含义，其动作与句子的谓语时同时的；3.若本身没有自己的逻辑主语，则其动作的逻辑主语应是句子的主语。1.DoingalotoflisteninginEnglish,youcanincreaseyourvocabulary.（方式）2.Trytotellyourclassmatesastoryusingthosephrasesyouhavelearned.（方式）3.Hewanderedthestreets,tryingtofindawaytomakesomemoney.（结果）如果动词的-ing形式表示的动作出现在句子的谓语之前，则用动词-ing形式的完成式“having+动词的过去分词”。eg.Havingfinishedtheirwork,theyhadarest.引导状语从句的关联词if,when,how,where等等，可以直接用于动词的-ing形式之前。eg.Ifbeingabletospeakanotherlanguage,onewillbequalifiedformanyjobstoday.When(youare)crossingtheroad,