一、质谱分析原理二、仪器与结构三、联用仪器第九章质谱法第一节基本原理与质谱仪进样系统离子源质量分析器检测器1.气体扩散2.直接进样3.气相色谱1.电子轰击2.化学电离3.场致电离4.激光1.单聚焦2.双聚焦3.飞行时间4.四极杆质谱仪需要在高真空下工作:离子源(10-310-5Pa)质量分析器(10-6Pa)1.大量氧会烧坏离子源的灯丝;2.用作加速离子的几千伏高压会引起放电;3.引起额外的离子-分子反应,改变裂解模型,谱图复杂化。一、质谱分析原理电离室原理与结构仪器原理图原理与结构在磁场存在下,带电离子按曲线轨迹飞行;离心力=向心力;m2/R=H0eV曲率半径:R=(m)/eH0质谱方程式:m/e=(H02R2)/2V离子在磁场中的轨道半径R取决于:m/e、H0、V改变加速电压V,可以使不同m/e的离子进入检测器。质谱分辨率=M/M(分辨率与选定分子质量有关)加速后离子的动能:(1/2)m2=eV=[(2V)/(m/e)]1/2质量分析器原理四极杆质量分离器二、仪器与结构仪器内部结构三、联用仪器联用仪器(THEGC/MSPROCESS)SampleSample58901.0DEG/MINHEWLETTPACKARDHEWLETTPACKARD5972AMassSelectiveDetectorDCBAABCDGasChromatograph(GC)MassSpectrometer(MS)SeparationIdentificationBACD一、分子离子峰二、同位素离子峰三、碎片离子峰第二节离子峰的主要类型一、分子离子峰分子电离一个电子形成的离子所产生的峰。分子离子的质量与化合物的分子量相等。有机化合物分子离子峰的稳定性顺序:芳香化合物>共轭链烯>烯烃>脂环化合物>直链烷烃>酮>胺>酯>醚>酸>支链烷烃>醇.分子离子峰的特点:一般质谱图上质荷比最大的峰为分子离子峰;有例外。形成分子离子需要的能量最低,一般约10电子伏特。质谱图上质荷比最大的峰一定为分子离子峰吗?如何确定分子离子峰?N律由C,H,O组成的有机化合物,M一定是偶数。由C,H,O,N组成的有机化合物,N奇数,M奇数。由C,H,O,N组成的有机化合物,N偶数,M偶数。分子离子峰与相邻峰的质量差必须合理。例如:CH4M=1612C+1H×4=16M13C+1H×4=17M+112C+2H+1H×3=17M+113C+2H+1H×3=18M+2同位素峰分子离子峰二、同位素离子峰(M+1峰)由于同位素的存在,可以看到比分子离子峰大一个质量单位的峰;有时还可以观察到M+2,M+3。。。。;1615m/zRA13.1121.0133.9149.2158516100171.1m/z三、碎片离子峰一般有机化合物的电离能为7-13电子伏特,质谱中常用的电离电压为70电子伏特,使结构裂解,产生各种“碎片”离子。H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH315712957434357297115H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH31529435771正己烷碎片离子峰H3CCCH3CH3H3CCHCH3H3CCH2CH3m/z15294357859911314271正癸烷一、有机分子的裂解二、σ―断裂三、α―断裂四、重排断裂第三节有机分子裂解类型当有机化合物蒸气分子进入离子源受到电子轰击时,按下列方式形成各种类型离子(分子碎片):ABCD+e-ABCD++2e-分子离子BCD•+A+B•+A+CD•+AB+A•+B+ABCD+D•+C+AB•+CD+C•+D+碎片离子一、有机分子裂解二、σ―断裂ABBA+H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH315712957434357297115H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH31529435771正己烷三、α―断裂BAZAZ+BRCH2OHRCH2OH+RCH2OR'RCH2OR'+RCH2NR'2RCH2NR'2+RCH2SR'RCH2SR'+α―断裂BAZAZ+BRCR'OCR'O+R20304050607080901003044m/zCH3(CH2)9CH2NH2M=157H3CCH2CH2CHCH3OHCHCH3OHH3CCH2CH2m/z=45(M-43)H3CCH2CH2CCH3OHHm/z=87(M-1)H3CCH2CH2CHOHCH3m/z=73(M-15)m/z203040506080907045(M-43)55[M-(H2O+CH3)]73(M-CH3)88(M)M-170(M-H2O)α―断裂——丢失最大烃基的可能性最大丢失最大烃基原则20304050607080901004357m/z100(M)712972H2CCCH2OCH2H3CCH3H2CCOH3C[CH2CH2CH3]-m/z=57(75%)CCH2OCH2CH3H2C][H3C-m/z=71(48%)H2CCCH2OCH2H3CCH320304050607080901002945m/z11027735987102(M)OCH2CH3HCH2CCH3H3CCH3OCH2CH3HCCH3CH2CH3OCH2HCH2CCH3H3Cm/z=73m/z=87CHCHCHCZHR1R2R3R4CHCHR3R4HCCZHR1R2麦氏重排(Mclaffertyrearrangement)麦氏重排条件:·含有C=O,C=N,C=S及碳碳双键·与双键相连的链上有碳,并在碳有H原子(氢)·六圆环过度,H转移到杂原子上,同时键发生断裂,生成一个中性分子和一个自由基阳离子四、重排断裂204050607080901004357m/z1007129120130110128(M)30858658COCH2H2CCH2CH2CH3H2CH3C57854371分子碎片重排后再次裂解:一、饱合烃的质谱图二、芳烃的质谱图三、醇和酚的质谱图四、醚的质谱图五、醛、酮的质谱图六、其他化合物的质谱图第四节质谱图与结构解析(1)直链烷烃1615m/zmethaneM=16一、饱合烃的质谱图1008090100605030204070020406080100120140160180200%OFBASEPEAK1030507090110130150170190210220230C2C3C4C5C6C7m/z=29m/z=43m/z=57m/z=71m/z=8599113127141155169183197C8C9C10C11C12C13C14C16CH3(CH2)14CH3Mm/z=226n-HexadecaneMW226m/z15294357859911314271正癸烷分子离子:C1(100%),C10(6%),C16(小),C45(0)有m/z:29,43,57,71,……CnH2n+1系列峰(σ—断裂)有m/z:27,41,55,69,……CnH2n-1系列峰C2H5+(m/z=29)→C2H3+(m/z=27)+H2有m/z:28,42,56,70,……CnH2n系列峰(四圆环重排)(2)支链烷烃20406080100120140160180200103050709011013015017019021022023010080901006050302040700%OFBASEPEAKC3m/z=43C4m/z=57C5m/z=71C8m/z=85C6m/z=99C7113C9C10C12C16M15M5-MethylpentadecaneCH3(CH2)3CH(CH2)9CH3CH38516914157(3)环烷烃M=84Cyclohexane84(M)56(C4H8+)41(C3H5+)1008090100605030204070%OFBASEPEAK02040608010010305070901100M=9898(M)1008090100605030204070%OFBASEPEAK02040608010010305070901108369554129MethylCyclohexaneCH3m/z=98m/z=8384(M)0204060801001030507090110695541271008090100605030204070%OFBASEPEAKCHCH3CCH3CH2CH3CHCH3CCH3CHCH3CCH3CH2CH3CH2CH3m/z=69m/z=55134(M)1008090100605030204070%OFBASEPEAK0204060801001030507090110917792513912013014065CH2CH2CH2CH3二、芳烃的质谱图CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2m/z=91m/z=91m/z=65m/z=39m/z=134HCCHHCCHCH2CH2CH3H2CCH2CHHCH3CH2HHm/z=92CH2HCCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3m/z=77m/z=134m/z=51HCCHC4H9R2CR1R3OH-R3R2CR1OHm/z:31,59,73,RHCHCH2OHRHCCH2OHH-H2ORHCCH2RHCCH2(CH2)n(CH2)n(CH2)n(CH2)nor三、醇和酚的质谱图RHCHCH2CH2CH2O+HH2CCH2-H2OM-(Alkene+H2O)M-46H2CCHR-RHCHHCCH2CH2O+HCH3H2CHC-H2O-CH3H2CCHRM-60HCCH2H2CCHHH2CRH2CCH2-CH2CHH2CRM-761008090100605030204070%OFBASEPEAKCH2OHM-(H2OandCH2CH2)M-(H2OandCH3)M-H2OM-11-PenTanolMW88CH3(CH2)3CH2OH314060801001201401030507090110130150020100809010060503020407020406080100120140%OFBASEPEAK1030507090110130150M-(H2OandCH3)M-H2OM-CH3M-1M2-PenTanolMW88OHCH3(CH2)2CH3HC4545M-(H2OandCH2CH2)0100809010060503020407020406080100120140%OFBASEPEAK1030507090110130150M-(H2OandCH2CH2)M-(H2OandCH3)M-CH3M-H2OOHCH3CH2CH3C59CH32-Methyl-2-butanolMW88059CH2OHHOH-m/z=108m/z=107-COHH-H2HHHHHm/z=79m/z=77H2CCH2HOHCH2CH2H2O-H2COHOHCH2OH2O-OHm/z=94OHHHH-COH-CHOm/z=66m/z=65CH2CH3OHCH2OH-CH3m/z107(100%)CHCH3OHm/z121(3.5%)-H1008090100605030204070020406080100120140%OFBASEPEAK1030507090110130150o-Ethylphenol122(M)M-CH3MM-H2OC6H51008090100605030204070020406080100120140%OFBASEPEAK1030507090110130150CH3CH257M-CH3CH2M-CH3MEthylsec-butyletherMW10273298757H3CCHOHCH3CH2HCCH3OCH2CH345297387102四、醚的质谱图0204060801001201401601802005070901