语言学Language-and-culture

Chapter9Languageandculture•9.1introduction•9.2whatisculture•9.3therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture•9.4Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨皮尔—沃尔夫假说•9.5linguisticevidenceofculturaldifference•9.6culturecontact（联系）,culturaloverlapanddiffusion（传播）•9.7thesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning•9.8interculturalcommunication•Questions-answering•1.Whatdoesculturemean?LanguageandCulture•1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Propertiesoflanguage•Languageissystematic.(系统的)•Languageisarbitrary.（任意的）•Languageissymbolic.（符号的）•Languageisvocal.（有声的）•Languageisuniquelyhuman.•Whatisculture?•Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.•Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.•Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.•Typesofculture:•Materialculture:concrete,substantialandobservable•spiritualculture:abstract,ambiguous,hidden.(theproductsofmind,e.g.:beliefs,valuesandconceptsoftimeandspace)•Culture,especiallymaterialculture,isreproducedandpreservedthroughthemaintainingofbeliefs,traditions,educationandotherinstitutionalmechanisms,meanwhile,itchangesslowlywiththedevelopmentofthesocietyPropertiesofCulture•Cultureishumanspecific.•Cultureisasocialphenomenon.•Cultureisanationalphenomenon.•Cultureisahistoricalphenomenon.•Culturecontainsseveralsubcultures.Propertiesofculture•a.humanspecific(人类所特有的）:•onlyhumanbeingshavewhatcanbecalledculture•b.socialphenomenon（社会现象）:•itisacooperativeproductofhumansocieties,notnaturalthingsgotdirectlyfromnature.•notnaturalthingsgotdirectlyfromnature•c.nationalphenomenon（民族现象）:•Eachnationhasitsuniqueculture.Weshouldpayattentiontothesamenessanddifferencebetweentwocultures•Eachnationhasitsuniqueculture•d.historicalphenomenon（历史继承性）:•eachgenerationinheritsthecultureestablishedbyitsforefathersandmakesitsowncontributiontothedevelopmentofthecultureinwhichitlivesin.Culturalimpactonlanguage•1.Words(词汇)--denotationalandconnotational•2.culturaldifferencesinEverydayConversation（日常会话）•3.Idioms,ProverbsandSayings（成语，谚语和格言）•4.MethaphorandAssociation（比喻和联想）•5.Allusions（典故）•6.Euphemisms（委婉语）•7.Taboos（禁忌语）•8.Bodylanguage（身体语言）ThankYouandGoodbye!