梅园中学八年级英语资料名词讲义一、名词的类别英语中名词可以分为四类:普通名词:dog狗man男人table桌子专有名词:France法兰西MrsSmith史密斯夫人Tom汤姆抽象名词:beauty美丽charity慈善courage勇气fear恐惧joy快乐集合名词:crowd人群group组swarm大群team队二、名词的复数形式A、名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加-smap-maps以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-esbox-boxes,watch-watches以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esbaby-babies,country-countriesB、其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:twoMarys,theHenrys,boy-boys,day-days,donkey-donkeys,monkey-monkeys比较:层楼:storey---storeysstory---stories2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:有生命的加es,没生命的加s3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief-beliefs,roof-roofs,safe-safes;b.去f,fe加ves:Thethief’swifekilledthreewolvesontheshelfwithsomeleavesandknivesinhalfofherlife.(thiefwifelifeknifewolfhalfleafshelf)c.均可,如:hoof(蹄),scarf(围巾)wharf(码头),handkerchief,neckerchiefC、名词复数的不规则变化1)child-children,mouse-mice,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,,goose-geese,man-men,woman-women见oo变ee男人女人a变e注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans。2)单复同形,如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,中国独有的度量衡和货币单位但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:twodollars,twometers3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people,police,cattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattleThe+国籍(形容词),表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)集合名词,如crew,family,team等用单数或复数动词都可以。当这个词表示的是一个群体或单位,可用单数动词:当它表示的是这个队的所有成员,就用复数动词。5)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。6)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousersE、复合名词的复数形式1)通常是把最后一个词变成复数形式:boy-friends男朋友,break-ins入室盗窃如man和woman位于复合名词的第一部分,两部分都要变成复数:mendrivers男司机,womendrivers女司机2)由动词+er构成的名词+副词组成的复合名词构成复数形式时,只需把第一个词变为复数:hangers-on食客,奉承者,lookers-on旁观者,runners-up(在赛跑中)第二的人,亚军3)首字母缩写词也可有复数形式:VIPs(veryimportantpersons)贵宾,UFOs(unidentifiedflyingobjects)不明飞行物三、不可数名词A、各种物质的统称:bread面包,beer啤酒,cloth布,coffee咖啡,cream奶油,glass玻璃,B、抽象名词:advice忠告/主意,beauty美丽,漂亮,help帮助,hope希望,information信息,C、在英文中下列名词也是不可数名词:baggage行李,camping露营,damage损害,furniture家具,luggage行李,parking停车,shopping购物,weather气候D、不可数名词没有复数形式,不能和a/an一起连用:Hehashadnoexperienceinthissortofwork.他干这种活没经验。(experience指某人的经历时是可数名词:Hehadanexcitingexperience/someexcitingexperienceslastweek.上星期他有一次/一些激动人心的经历。)★work指职业/就业/工作时是不可数名词:Heislookingforwork/forajob.他在求职/找一份工作。works(只有复数形式)可意为“工厂”或“机器的运转部分”。works(通常用复数形式)指文学或音乐作品:Shakespeare’scompleteworks莎士比亚全集E、不可数名词前往往加some(一些),any(任何),no(没有),alittle(少许)等词,或用于数词+量词of+不可数名词结构:apieceofadvice一条忠告,twobottlesofwater两瓶水★可数名词也可以使用这种结构:数词+量词of+可数名词的复数四、名词的所有格形式分类规则例词’s所有格单数名词在末尾加'sthegirl'smother那个女孩的妈妈WantMei'sruler王梅的尺子以s结尾的可数名词复数,在末尾加'sTeachers'Day教师节thestudents'books学生们的书以s结尾的人名,在末尾加's或是’Dickens's/Dickens'novels狄更斯的小说表示各自的所有关系,各名词末尾均须加'sLucy'sandLily'sbikes露西和莉莉的自行车表示共同所有关系时,最后一词末尾加'sluckandLily'sbedroom露西和莉莉的卧室表示“某人家”、“某店铺”,所有格后的名词省略myuncle's我叔叔家thebutcher's肉店of所有格“名词+of+名词”构成of所有格thewindowoftheroom这个房间的窗户thelifeoftherich有钱人的生活双重所有格在同一名词词组中同时具备's以及of两种所有格afriendofmyfather's我爸爸的一个朋友练习题()1.Idon’tthinklookingafterchildrenisjust___work.A.womanB.woman’sC.womenD.women's(2010年河北省)()2.–I’mgoingcampingthisweekend.WhatshouldItake?-Youcantakea____toread.A.radioB.suitcaseC.magzineD.blender()3.Morethan100_________willjointhismeetinginShanghai.A.manteachersB.womanteachersC.menteachersD.womansteachers(2010攀枝花)()4ItwasverydifficultformetomakeabutIdecidedtoleavemyjobAsuggestionBdecisionCplanDspeech(2010河南省)()5.-What______doyouhaveforPaul?-Ithinkheshouldstudyharderthanbefore.A.newsB.adviceC.helpD.information(2010江西省)()6.It’shot.Let’shavesome______..A.pearsB.porridgeC.icecreamD.strawberries(2010东营市)()7.–Howfarisitfromthebusstationtothehotel?--It’sabout_______walk.A.tenminute’sB.ten–minutesC.tenminutes’D.tenminutes(2010东营市)()8.Sandydidn’ttellherparentsthatshewasgoinghomebecauseshewantedtogivethema_______.A.giftB.callC.surpriseD.note(2010江苏省宿迁市)()9.--Couldyoutellmesomethingabouttheboywhohelpedyoujustnow?--Sorry,Iknownothingabouthim.Weare______.A.friendsB.neighborsC.classmatesD.strangers(2010安徽省)()10.–Goodnews.Wewillhavea___holiday.A.threedaysB.threeday’sC.three-daysD.three-day()11.--What’syourjob,Henry?--I’ma_______.Iworklate.I’mverybusywhenpeoplegoouttodinners.A.waiterB.reporterC.teacherD.nurse(2010襄樊市)()12.I'mnotsureaboutthemeaningoftheword.You'dbetterlookitupina____.A.letterB.dictionaryC.postcardD.notice(2010辽宁沈阳)()13.—Whosecomputerdoesn'twork?—____,Ithink.A.JohnhasB.JohndoesC.JohnD.John's(2010辽宁沈阳)()14.-Howmany______canyouseeinthepicture?-Onlyone.A.dogB.boatC.childrenDice()15.—CanIhelpyou?—I’dlike____________formytwindaughters.A.twopairofshoesB.twopairsofshoeC.twopairofshoeD.twopairsofshoes(2010山东滨州)()16.—Excuseme.Howfaristhepostofficefromhere?—It’sabout_______walk.A.tenminuteB.tenminutesC.tenminutes’(2010福建龙岩)()17.—Wouldyoulikesomedrinks,boys?—Yes,____,please.A.someorangesB.twoboxesofchocolateC.somecakesD.twoboxesofcola(2010四川眉山)()18.WhenIwasastudent,IlikedtositinthefrontoftheclassroomsothatIcouldseethewordsmoreclearlyonthe_______.A.blackboardB.deskC.dictionaryD.