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第2次作业一、阅读理解（本大题共100分，共5小题，每小题20分）1.Hungerisnonovelty.Wecandiscountlegendsofgoldenages,landsofCockayne,andMefgasthenes'statementthatbeforeAlexander'sinvasionofIndia,therehadneverbeenfamineorfoodshortagethere.TrustworthyhistoricalrecordsshowthatduringtheRenaissanceoneyearinteninBritain,andoneinfiveinEurope,wasafamineyear.China,withagreaterareaandmorediverseclimate,hadafamineinsomeregioneveryyear.Famineisastateofaffairsinwhichpeoplearedyinginthestreets.Itthereforeattractsthenoticeofhistoriansandisrecorded.Thefactthatitstrikespeoplewhoareawareofhavingbeenproperlyfedandwellismoreimportant.Notonlyarethesurvivorsmoreresilient,theyarealsoangryatthebreakdownofthesystemandeagertodosomethingaboutitthoughitisobviousfromtherecordthattheydonotalwayshavethemeans.Malnutritionismuchmoreinsidious.Itisachronicstateinwhichthetotalfoodsupplyor,moreoften,thesupplyofcertaincomponentssuchasproteinorsomeofthevitamins,isinadequate.Itseemsprobablethat,eitherconstantlyorseasonally.Itusedtobetheusualconditionofmankindandwasregardedasnormal.Thericketyappearanceofthefiguresinmedievalpaintingsanddrawingsisoftenputdowntotheincompetenceoftheartist:itisaslikelythatmostpeoplereallydidlooklikethat.TheexuberancewithwhichpoetsgreetedthemerrymonthofMaymay,inourdullclimate,havehadameteorologicalbasis:itisjustaslikelythatinMay,aftersixmonths'shortage,therewasnowanadequatevitaminsupply.Thepromptnesswithwhichsomesailorssuccumbedtoscurvyafterleavingportsuggeststhattheywerenormallyontheedgeofscurvyandneededonlyaslightworseningofconditionstogetitacutely.Otherswillthinkofotherexamples.Hungerandmalnutritionarecomponents,ofaclassicexampleofaviciouscycle.Theyleadtoenfeeblementorapathyinwhichnothingeithercanbedone,orseemstobeworthdoing,toalterthestateofaffairs;thisleadstomorehungerandmalnutrition.Thereisgoodreasontothinkthat,inmuchofthedevelopingworld,ifthecyclecouldoncethebroken,itwouldneverreturn.(1).Accordingtothetext,hungerinthepast____.A.occurredmorefrequentlyinBritainthanintherestofEuropeB.waslessofaproblemthanitistodayC.wasalmostunknownintheIndiansubcontinentD.wasquitearegularoccurrence(2).Thewritersuggeststhatfamineisdifferentfrommalnutritionbecause____.A.itisafarmorewidespreadproblemB.itcausesrathermorepeopletodieC.itarousesadesireforactionratherthanmereapathyD.ittendstoaffecttherichandwellfedmorethanthepoor(3).Whatdoesthewritersayaboutmalnutrition?____A.ItwasacommonconditionintheMiddleAges.B.Itarousesagreatdealofemotionandinterest.C.Itaffectedthecompetenceofmedievalartists.D.Itisamoreobviousproblemthanfamine.(4).Thewritersaysthatmanysailorsinthepastsuccumbedrapidlytoscurvybecause____.A.theydidnothaveenoughtoeatB.theywerenotusedtolivingatseaC.theywerealreadysufferingfrommalnutritionD.theycaughtitfromothersailors(5).Accordingtothewriter,theviciouscircleofmalnutritionindevelopingcountries____.A.makeslong-termprogressverydifficulttoachieveB.couldbebrokenforgoodifitwerebrokenonceC.hasasignificanteffectonthedevelopedcountriesD.couldextendtodevelopedcountriesinthefuture2.Oneofthemostfascinatingquestionsabouthumanbehavioriseachpersonisdifferentfromallothers.Theanswertothisquestionwouldexplaintheaspectofhumannaturecalledpersonality.Sometheoriesassumethatinborncharacteristicsdeterminehumanpersonality.Manyobservershavehypothesizedthateachpersonhasadominanttemperament,presentfrombirth,thatinfluenceshisorherbehaviorduringanentirelifetime.Accordingtooneofthesetheories,peoplecanbeclassifiedintofourbasictypes:sanguine,choleric,phlegmaticandmelancholic.Eachtypeortemperamentischaracterizedbyauniquesetofpossiblestrengthsandpossibleweaknesses.Sanguinepeoplearedescribedasthemostoutgoingofthefourtemperaments.Theyarewarm,fun-loving,andlikethecompanyofothers.Becauseofthesestrengths,itissaidthatsanguinesoftenmakegoodsalesmen,actors,orpublicspeakers.Sanguines,however,mayhavesomeseriousweaknesses.Theirproblemsoftencomefromtheirlackofdiscipline.Easilydistracted,theyoftenlacktheconcentrationtocompleteajoborfollowthroughonapromise.Forthisreason,otherpeoplemaynottrustthem.Cholericpeople,arequitedifferentfromthecarefree,emotionalsanguines.Becauseoftheirstrongwill,decisiveness,andproductivity,cholericsarenaturalleaderswhoaregoodatmakingvastplansandmotivatingotherpeopletohelpthemcarryouttheirplans.Theyareoftensuccessfulinbusiness,industry,orpolitics.Cholericweaknessescanbeverydamaging,however.Becauseastrongdesiretolead,theycanbecruelandcoldtowardthosewhodonotwishtofollow.Theyoftendonotlistentoadvicefromothers,andoncetheymakeadecision,theymaybecomehostiletowardanyonewhoquestionsthatdecision.Phlegmaticsarecalm,easygoingpeoplewhostriveforefficiencyandorganization.Verydiplomaticandpolite,theymakepeoplefeelcomfortableandgenerallyhelpkeepthingsrunningsmoothly.Forthesereasons,theymakegoodteachers,technicians,etc.Phlegmatics,however,oftenhaveweaknessesthatkeepthemfrombecomingsuccessful.Afraidtotakechances,theymayletopportunitiesgoby.Infact,theymayavoidtakinganystepstoimprovetheirpositioninlife.Melancholicsareoftenconsideredtobegiftedpersonswhopossesscreativetalent.Theyareveryanalyticalanda