垄作地区保护性耕作技术推广与应用

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垄作地区保护性耕作技术推广与应用TheExpansionandApplicationofConservationTillageinRaised-BedPlantingRegions雷志学梁忠惠LeiZhixue,LiangZhonghui(辽宁省阜新蒙古族自治县农机局,123100)(FumengcountyAgriculturalMachineryBureau,Liaoningprovince,123100)•摘要:针对垄作栽培模式,结合保护性耕作技术要求,通过6年的反复实践应用,我们确立了高茬覆盖、整秆覆盖、碎秆覆盖三种技术模式,采取了充分利用现有机具作业的多种做法,全县推广面积达41.9万亩,其中,高茬覆盖15万亩,整秆覆盖18万亩,碎秆覆盖8.9万亩,实现了保水、保肥、保护环境、增产增收的效果。旨在推出符合垄作地区的保护性耕作技术模式,农民容易接受的方式方法,快速推广保护性耕作技术。••AbstractAbstract:AimedatthemodeofRaised:AimedatthemodeofRaised--BedPlantingandBedPlantingandcombinethetechniquerequestofconservationtillage,wecombinethetechniquerequestofconservationtillage,weestablished3modesestablished3modes------stubbleresidualmulch,fellstalkstubbleresidualmulch,fellstalkmulchandsmashedstalkmulchbymulchandsmashedstalkmulchbypractisingpractisingagainandagainagainandagaininthepast6years.Wealsoachievedthepurposeofstoringinthepast6years.Wealsoachievedthepurposeofstoringmoistureandmanure,protectingenvironmentandincreasingmoistureandmanure,protectingenvironmentandincreasingincomebyfullyusingexitingmachines.incomebyfullyusingexitingmachines.1、垄作地区保护性耕作技术模式适应性•1.1阜蒙县是典型的旱作冷凉风沙区•我县位于辽宁省西北部,北靠科尔沁沙漠南缘,属低山丘陵区,主要气候特点:县境处于温带半干旱半湿润气候区,四季分明,日照充足,年日照总数为2638.3h,Adaptabilityofconservationtillagemodeinraised-bedregions•Fumengcountyistypicaldrylandfarmingarea•MycountyliesinthenorthwestofLiaoningProvince,thenorthofitnearthesouthernmarginofDinghuHorqindesert,whichisahillyarea,Majorclimatecharacteristics:Countyisintheareaofthesemi-aridsub-temperateclimate,fourdistinctseasons,abundantsunshine,atotalsunshineis2638.3heveryyear,多年平均降水量498㎜。冬季长而寒冷,干燥少雪;夏季短而炎热,兩量集中,春秋温度变化快,温差较大;全县年平均气温7.4℃,无霜期150天左右,干燥度≥1.5,侵蚀数3000—5000t/km2,年表土流失程度2.5—4㎜。土质瘠簿,土壤有机质0.7—1%,是典型的旱作农业区,全县现有耕地面积312万亩,玉米为主要作物,种植面积160万亩,占粮食作物种植面积的80%,近两年玉米平均亩产380㎏左右。average498mmofprecipitation.Thelongcoldwinter,dryandlackofsnow;Shortandtorridsummer,Springandautumntemperaturechangesfaster,differenceintemperatureisquitelarge;Theaveragetemperatureofwholecountryis7.4℃,frost-freeperiodreachesto150days,drynessdegreeismorethan1.5,erosionis3000-5000t/km2,theannualtopsoilrunoffis2.5-4mm.Organiccompoundcontentinsoilisonly0.7%--1%.Theplowlandsareais208thousandha.Themaincropismaize,80%ofallthecropsplantingarea.1.2垄作技术中亟待解决的问题•我县农作物以一年一熟为主,多采取50㎝垄距作业,传统垄作技术存在一些共同问题:人畜机具下地次数多,压实土壤,破坏土壤结构,作业成本高;地表长时间裸露休闲,土壤失墒严重、风蚀加剧、肥力下降、水土流失严重、生态环境恶化。由于春季多风、少雨、升温快的自然气候,造成土壤易失墒,十春九旱,干旱缺水已成为制约该区农业生产的瓶颈问题。•Theprobleminconservationtillagetechnique•FuxinCountyisasingle-cropayearregionofLiaoningprovince.Fromtraditionalagriculture,wecanconcludesomeproblemintraditionalagriculture:thesoilconfigurationisbadlydestroyed;Thecostofagriculturetillageisveryhigh;Becauseoflongtimebareness,soilnutritionisbadlylostandtheecosystemenvironmentworsenbadly.Draughthasbecomeabottle-neckproblemthatrestrictsthedevelopmentofeconomy.专家研究结果表明,垄作土壤贮水能力强,在0.5m深的土层内传统的垄作较平作多贮水15mm,但在干旱条件下,地温和表面积的增加使土壤每天的蒸发量比平作多蒸发0.73mm,因此垄作栽培,必须采取降低土壤蒸发的各种有效措施和减少进地作业次数,才能充分发挥垄作栽培的优势,扬长避短,提高效益。Fromsomeresearch,wecanseethatsoilinthemodeofraised-bedplantinghasstrongstoringwatercapability.Butinadrysituation,soilalsohasstrongtranspirationcapability.So,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentocontrolthemoisturetranspiration.Inthisway,theadvantageofraised-bedplantingcanbefullyincarnated.1.3垄作技术与保护性耕作技术相结合必要性•旱地垄作在东北地区有着强大的生命力,主要在于春季保苗率高,在当前和今后相当长一段时期内,垄作在保护性耕作技术推广中,有着重要的位置,在机具开发、研制的过程中,从垄作这个前提出发,做到农机与农艺的有机结合,这是一个重要的结合点。•Necessityoftheconnectionbetweenraised-bedplantingtechniqueandconservationtillagetechnique.•Raise-bedplantinghaspowerfulvitality,mainlylyingintoprotecttheseedlingrateinspringhigh.incurrentlywithaftertimeverygrowaperiod,raise-bedplantingwillhaveimportantpositionintheconservationtillageexpansion.Inthecourseofagriculturalmachinedevelopment,attainingorganiccombinebetweentheagriculturemachineandagriculture,thisisanimportantlink-point.垄作栽培开沟起垄,增加了耕地表面积近40%,提高阳光利用率10%-15%,可有效增加积温。垄台起到人工档板的作用,延长雨水入渗的时间,减少径流。有耐旱、抗涝和很强的抗倒伏作用,而且利于杂草的控制,减少对化学除草剂的依赖。Raised-bedplantingincreasenearly40%plowlandsenhancethesunlightutilization10%to15%.Theraised-bedlookslikeman-madebaffle-board,whichcanprolongrainwaterinleakagetime.Italsocanfightadrought,fightawaterloggingandcontrolweed.保护性耕作技术利用秸秆和残茬覆盖地面,采用少耕、免耕技术,是解决传统垄作保墒问题的行之有效的途径,减少了作业次数,有效地解决了垄作栽培的不足,从而增加农民收入,并且有防止水土流失、冬季保温夏季降温、改善土壤养分状况及土壤生物学性状等的良好生态效果。所以,垄作技术与保护性耕作技术相结合是必要的,有相辅相成的作用,其优点是增温、保墒、聚肥、改土、集流、防蚀,有效地解决了冷凉风沙区地温低、墒情差、肥力薄、水土流失等问题,具有显著的增产效益。Conservationtillagetechniquecoversthestubblesandstrawsonthefiledandadoptslittleorno-tillagetechnology.Thistechniqueisaneffectivemethodtosolvekeepentropyproblemintraditionalagriculture.Conservationtillagetechniquecanreducetheworktimes,solvethedisadvantageinraise-bedplantingmode,increaseincome,andimprovesoilnutritionstatus.Inconclusion,combinebetweenraise-bedplantingandconservationtillagetechnologyisnecessary.1.4三种技术模式的适应性•⑴高茬覆盖技术模式工艺流程:玉米人工收获——春季根茬处理——精(少)量播种——化学或人工控制杂草——中耕•Adaptabilityofthreemodes•Thetechnicalprocessofstubbleresidualmulchmode,maizeharvest----dealingwithstubbleinthespring----seedingaccurately----gettingridofweed----cultivation.⑵整秆覆盖技术模式工艺流程:玉米收获(整秆越冬)——春季秸秆和根茬处理——精(少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