跨文化交际期末

定义题1.Whatis“interculturalcommunication”?P6refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,interculturalcommunication.2.Whatisaculture?P13Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.Culture:canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.Culture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople3.Whatarestereotypes?P13Stereotypesmeansverybroadgeneralizationssuchas“Britishpeoplearepolite,”“Americansarefriendly”,andsoforth.Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow,andtheygiveusthemistakenideathatapeople’sculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.4.Whatdoes“interpretation”means?P24Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Forexample,whenXiaoLitriestounderstandwhythetaxidriveraskedforsomuchmoney,sheis“interpreting”hisbehavior.5.Individualistp32Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.6.CollectivistP32Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.7.Whatis“hierarchy”?P50Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower.Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.8.Whatis“cultureshock”?P58“Cultureshock”isoftenusedtodescribewhathappenswheneverapersonencountersaculturedifferentfromhisorherown.ThetermcultureshockdescribeswhathappenswhenasojournerfromcultureAgoestoliveincultureB,andneedstoadapttolifethere.Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock”.Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.9.LowcontextP66Thewaytocommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect.Inotherwords,peopletendtoputmostofheirideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.It’sgenerallyconsideredagoodthingto“getthepoint”and“saywhatyoumean”,anditislargelythespeaker’sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand.10.HighcontextP66Highcontextismoreindirectandsubtleandlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Peopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandwhenpeopleinterpretwhatothersmean,theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Infact,peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude.11.Whatis“projectedculturalsimilarity”?P74Projectedculturalsimilarityisaphenomenonwhichisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,insideweareallmoreorlessthesame.12.“Loose”culturesP83“Loose”culturedonotdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Ofcourse,suchcultureshavesomeconsensusonwhatisandisnotconsideredappropriatebehavior,buttheconsensusisnotverystrongandthereisoftenmuchdisagreement.Peopleinlooseculturesalsotendtoberelativ