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Word:aminimumfreeformofalanguage.Withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaning),performingsyntacticmeaningCriteriaofwords:byorigin(native—oldEnglish)(andloanlanguage—borrowedEnglish),bylevelofusage(commonwords,literary,colloquial,slangandtechnicalwords);bynotions(functionandcontentwords)Morpheme:smallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerform.Amorphemeisalsotwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessessoundandmeaning.Classificationofmorphemes:freemorpheme-utteralonewithmeaning(afreemorphemeisawordintraditionalsense);boundmorpheme—mustappearwithoneothermorpheme,freeorbound)Root:thebasicunchangeablepartoftheword,conveythemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.Eitherfreeorbound.(freerootsandboundroots)Affixes:----inflectionalaffixes(haveonlyparticulargrammaticalmeaning)andderivationalaffixes.(addedmorphemetocreatenewwords.）---prefixesandsuffixesWord-formationThreemajorprocesses:compounding(joiningtowormorebasestoformanewunitofcompoundwords)Derivation(forminganewwordbyadditionofawordelement)Conversion(awordofcertainword-classisshiftedintoanotherword-classwithoutanyaffixes)Eightminorprocesses:Acronymy(Initialisms–usingthefirstletterfrompropername,phrase,technicalwords)Ainitialismispronouncedletterbyletter)andacronyms—fromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorscientificterm)==arepronouncedaswords.Clipping(deletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword—usuallyanoun,whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform)Classification—backclipping,frontclipping,frontandbackclippingandphraseclipping.)Blending---formedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundoftowwords.oneofwhichisnotfullformorbothofwhicharenotfullform.）不完整拼缀Back-formation（coinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.）Wordsfrompropernames(includingnamesofscientists,namesofpoliticiansandstatesman,namesofplaces,trademark,literature)Reduplication(acompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition(1)ofonewordlikego-go(2)almostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowel’ssuchasping-pong.(3)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants,asinteenyweeny.Neoclassical(newwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek)Themajorityofneoclassicalformationsarescientificandtechnical.MiscellaneousWordmeaningandsenserelations1,conventionality—nowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolanditssense.2,motivation—phonetic,morphological,sematic3,maintypesofwordmeaning(interrelatedandinterdependent)----grammatical(wordclassandinflectionalparadigm)andlexical.(denotativemeaning—conceptualmeaning;connotativemeaning—emotionalassociation;socialorstylisticmeaningandaffectivemeaning)Binaryopposites.二相对立Polysemy—atermusedinsematicanalysistorefertolexicalitemwhichhasarangeofmeanings.)Twoapproaches—diachronicandsynchronic.---primarymeaningandderivedmeaning,centralmeaningandsecondarymeaning(insomecases,theprimarymeaningandthecentralmeaningcoincide.)Twoprocessesleadingtopolysemy---radiation(eachofthesecondarymeaningsmaybecomeacenteroffurtherradiation),concatenation(linkingtogether,likethelinksofachain.Homonymy(---pronouncedalike,spellalike,orboth.)---typesofhomonyms(perfecthomonyms—wordidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning)(Homophones---identicalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.)(Homographs—identicalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.)Polysemicandhomonymouswordsarestylisticallyusefultoachievehumourorirony,ortoheightendramaticeffect.Synonymy(—identicalinmeaningbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.)---Completesynonyms(absolute),Relativesynonyms.Antonymy(--opppsitenessofmeaning)---contrary,complementaryandconversives….Antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofmorphologicalstructure:rootantonymsandderivationalantonyms.Markedandunmarkedwords---subsume.(Markedmemberscannotbeusedtoincludeunmarkedmember.)Hyponymy—(relationshipwhichobtainsspecificandgenerallexicalitems)Superordinateterm(anupperterm),Subordinateterms(alowerterm)===hierarchicalsystemSematicfield---isnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,organizedintoareasorfield.Charateristicofthesamesematicfield.1),wordfrequencyinthesamesemanticvaries2)thesewordsaresemanticallyinterdepent.3)wordsinthesamesemanticfieldarelikelytohaveanumberofcollocationoncommon.Changesinwordmeaning---1,causes:historical,social,foreigninfluence,linguisticandpsychological.2,Fourtendenciesinsematicchange---restriction,extension,degeneration,elevation(ofmeaning)具体化，普遍化，语义转贬，语义改良。Metaphor隐喻Metonymy借喻Englishidioms1）sources—Englishpeople’sdailylife;religiousbeliefs;literarywords;Fable,myth,orlegends.Classificationofidioms:phraseidioms,clauseidioms,sentenceidioms.