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China'sPoliticalPartySystemPrefaceThepoliticalpartysystemisanimportantcomponentofmoderndemocraticpolitics.Whatkindofpoliticalpartysystemtoadoptinacountryisdeterminedbythenature,nationalconditionsandsocialdevelopmentofthatgivencountry.Thediversityofpoliticalpartysystemsindifferentcountriesreflectsthediversityofhumancivilizations.ThepoliticalpartysystemChinahasadoptedismulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)(hereinaftermulti-partycooperationsystem),whichisdifferentfromboththetwo-partyormulti-partycompetitionsystemsofWesterncountriesandtheone-partysystempracticedinsomeothercountries.Thissystemwasestablishedandhasbeendevelopedduringthelong-termpracticeoftheChineserevolution,constructionandreform.ItisabasicpoliticalsystemthatsuitstheconditionsofChina.ItisasocialistpoliticalpartysystemwithChinesecharacteristics,andakeycomponentofChina'ssocialistdemocraticpolitics.TheConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinastatesthatthemulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationsystemundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinashallcontinuetoexistanddevelopforalongtimetocome.BoththeCPCandthedemocraticpartiesmusttaketheConstitutionasthebasicnormoftheirconduct,andupholdthedignityoftheConstitutionandensureitsimplementation.UnderChina'smulti-partycooperationsystem,therearetheCPCandeightotherpoliticalparties.Theeightdemocraticpartiesare:RevolutionaryCommitteeoftheChineseKuomintang,ChinaDemocraticLeague,ChinaNationalDemocraticConstructionAssociation,ChinaAssociationforPromotingDemocracy,ChinesePeasantsandWorkersDemocraticParty,ChinaZhiGongDang,JiuSanSocietyandTaiwanDemocraticSelf-GovernmentLeague.TheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference(CPPCC)isanimportantinstitutionofmulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipoftheCPC.Basedontheprincipleoflong-termcoexistence,mutualsupervision,treatingeachotherwithsincerityandsharingeachother'swealandwoe,theCPCandtheeightdemocraticpartiesworkhandinhandindevelopingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,thusgivingrisetothebasicfeatureofmulti-partycooperationsystemundertheleadershipoftheCPC,withtheCPCholdingpowerandtheothereightpartiesparticipatingfullyinstateaffairs.Themulti-partycooperationsystemshowsuniquepoliticaladvantageandstrongvitality,andplaysanirreplaceableroleinChina'spoliticalandsociallife.I.AnInevitableChoiceinChina'sSocialDevelopmentChinahashadalonghistoryoffeudalism.From1840on,whentheWesternimperialistpowerslaunchedaggressivewarsagainstChina,thecorruptandweakfeudalrulingclassbuckled,andChinawasreducedtoasemi-colonial,semi-feudalsociety.Fornearly110yearsafterthat,theChinesenationwasplungedintothemostdangeroussituation,andtheChinesepeoplehadnodemocraticrightswhatsoever.TochangethefateofthecountryandtheChinesenation,generationaftergenerationofChinesepeopleroseupandwagedheroicstrugglestosavethecountryandthepeople.Intheearly20thcentury,SunYat-sen,forerunnerofChina'sdemocraticrevolution,turnedhiseyestotheWestforaroadthatwouldsaveChina.In1911,heledabourgeoisdemocraticrevolution,bringingtoanendtheautocraticmonarchicalsystemthathadbeeninplaceforseveralmillenniums.WiththefoundingoftheRepublicofChina,SunYat-senintroducedaparliamentaryandmulti-partysysteminimitationofthatinWesterncountries.Thoughhistoricallyprogressivecomparedwiththeautocraticmonarchy,thebourgeoispoliticalsystemsooncollapsedundertheonslaughtofdomesticandforeignreactionaryforcesandthereforefailedtofulfilltheChinesepeople'sferventdesireforindependenceanddemocracy.Mr.SunYat-senlaterconcludedthatChinacouldnotsimplycopyEuropeanandAmericanpoliticstogovernitsownsociety,asChinesesocietywasdifferentfromthatoftheWest.Between1927and1949,theKuomintangheadedbyChiangKai-shekexercisedone-partydictatorshipandmonopolizedallstatepower.Itpersecuteddemocraticandprogressiveforcesagainstthetrendofdemocraticpoliticsandthewishesofthepeople.Itwasfinallyabandonedbyhistory.ThepoliticaldevelopmentofmodernChinacalledforanewpoliticalpartysystemthatsuitedChina'snationalconditions.SuchahistoricmissionfellontheshouldersoftheCPCanditseightpartners.TheCPC,foundedin1921,creativelycombinedthegeneraltruthofMarxism-LeninismwiththeactualsituationinChina,putforththerevolutionaryprogramofnewdemocracy,andunitedallrevolutionaryclassestofightfornationalindependence,theliberationofthepeople,theprosperityofthecountry,andthewell-beingofthepeople.Theeightdemocraticparties,mostlyfoundedduringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapaneseAggression(1937-1945)andtheWarofLiberation(1945-1949),wererootedamongthenationalbourgeoisieandurbanpettybourgeoisie,aswellasintellectualsandotherpatriotsassociatedwiththem.Thesepeopleformedaprogressiveforcewhowereanti-imperialist,patrioticanddemandeddemocracy.Inthedaysoftoughstruggles,theCPChasestablishedanddevelopedcloserelationsofcooperationwiththeeightdemocraticpartiesandjoinedforceswiththemtofightforpeaceanddemocracy.DuringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapaneseAggression,thedemocraticpartiesactivelyjoinedthenationalunitedfrontledbytheCPCandthedemocraticmovementagainsttheJapaneseinv