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/25ISO9001：2015Qualitymanagementsystems—Requirements质量管理体系-要求Introduction引言0.1General总则Theadoptionofaqualitymanagementsystemisastrategicdecisionforanorganizationthatcanhelptoimproveitsoverallperformanceandprovideasoundbasisforsustainabledevelopmentinitiatives.ThepotentialbenefitstoanorganizationofimplementingaqualitymanagementsystembasedonthisInternationalStandardare:a)theabilitytoconsistentlyprovideproductsandservicesthatmeetcustomerandapplicablestatutoryandregulatoryrequirements;b)facilitatingopportunitiestoenhancecustomersatisfaction;c)addressingrisksandopportunitiesassociatedwithitscontextandobjectives;d)theabilitytodemonstrateconformitytospecifiedqualitymanagementsystemrequirements.ThisInternationalStandardcanbeusedbyinternalandexternalparties.ItisnottheintentofthisInternationalStandardtoimplytheneedfor:—uniformityinthestructureofdifferentqualitymanagementsystems;—alignmentofdocumentationtotheclausestructureofthisInternationalStandard;—theuseofthespecificterminologyofthisInternationalStandardwithintheorganization.ThequalitymanagementsystemrequirementsspecifiedinthisInternationalStandardarecomplementarytorequirementsforproductsandservices.ThisInternationalStandardemploystheprocessapproach,whichincorporatesthePlan-Do-Check-Act(PDCA)cycleandrisk-basedthinking.Theprocessapproachenablesanorganizationtoplanitsprocessesandtheirinteractions.ThePDCAcycleenablesanorganizationtoensurethatitsprocessesareadequatelyresourcedandmanaged,andthatopportunitiesforimprovementaredeterminedandactedon.Risk-basedthinkingenablesanorganizationtodeterminethefactorsthatcouldcauseitsprocessesanditsqualitymanagementsystemtodeviatefromtheplannedresults,toputinplacepreventivecontrolstominimizenegativeeffectsandtomakemaximumuseofopportunitiesastheyarise(seeClauseA.4).Consistentlymeetingrequirementsandaddressingfutureneedsandexpectationsposesachallengefororganizationsinanincreasinglydynamicandcomplexenvironment.Toachievethisobjective,theorganizationmightfinditnecessarytoadoptvariousformsofimprovementinadditiontocorrectionandcontinualimprovement,suchasbreakthroughchange,innovationandre-organization.InthisInternationalStandard,thefollowingverbalformsareused:—“shall”indicatesarequirement;—“should”indicatesarecommendation;—“may”indicatesapermission;—“can”indicatesapossibilityoracapability.Informationmarkedas“NOTE”isforguidanceinunderstandingorclarifyingtheassociatedrequirement.采用质量管理体系应该是组织的一项战略性决策，可以帮助组织改进其整体绩效，并为可持续发展计划提供良好的基础。对于根据本标准实施质量管理体系的组织来说，潜在的收益是：a)稳定提供满足顾客要求和法律法规要求的产品和服务的能力；b)获取增强顾客满意的机会；c)应对与组织环境和目标相关的风险；d)证实符合质量管理体系特定要求的能力。本标准可用于内部和外部。/25以下方面不是本标准的目的：-统一不同质量管理体系的结构；-统一本标准条款结构的文件；-在组织中使用本标准的特定术语。本标准所规定的质量管理体系要求是对产品要求的补充。本标准采用过程方法，该方法结合了策划-实施-检查-改进（PDCA）循环和基于风险的思维。过程方法使组织能够策划组织的过程及其相互作用。PDCA循环使组织能够确保其过程得到充分的资源和管理，并确定和实施改进机会。基于风险的思维能够使组织确定可能导致其过程和质量管理体系偏离所策划的结果的因素，采取预防性控制，以最小化负面影响并在机会出现时将机会利用最大化（见A.4条款）。在日益变化和复杂的环境中，持续满足要求和应对未来的需求和期望是组织面临的挑战。要实现这个目标，组织可能发现除了纠正和持续改进以外，变革、创新和重组也是必要的。本标准中采用了以下动词形式：“shall”表示要求；“should”表示建议；“may”表示允许；“can”表示可能性或能力标注为“注”的信息是理解或说明相关要求的指南。0.2Qualitymanagementprinciples质量管理原则ThisInternationalStandardisbasedonthequalitymanagementprinciplesdescribedinISO9000.Thedescriptionsincludeastatementofeachprinciple,arationaleofwhytheprincipleisimportantfortheorganization,someexamplesofbenefitsassociatedwiththeprincipleandexamplesoftypicalactionstoimprovetheorganization’sperformancewhenapplyingtheprinciple.Thequalitymanagementprinciplesare:—customerfocus;—leadership;—engagementofpeople;—processapproach;—improvement;—evidence-baseddecisionmaking;—relationshipmanagement.本标准基于ISO9000中阐述的质量管理原则，该阐述包括每项原则的说明、对组织的重要性、与该原则相关的益处的示例，以及应用该原则时改进组织绩效所采取的典型措施的示例。质量管理原则是：-以顾客为关注焦点；-领导力；-全员参与；-过程方法；-改进；-循证决策；-关系管理。0.3Processapproach过程方法0.3.1General总则ThisInternationalStandardpromotestheadoptionofaprocessapproachwhendeveloping,implementingandimprovingtheeffectivenessofaqualitymanagementsystem,toenhancecustomersatisfactionbymeetingcustomerrequirements.Specificrequirementsconsideredessentialtotheadoptionofaprocessapproachareincludedin4.4.Understandingandmanaginginterrelatedprocessesasasystemcontributestotheorganization’seffectivenessandefficiencyinachievingitsintendedresults.Thisapproachenablestheorganizationtocontroltheinterrelationshipsandinterdependenciesamongtheprocessesofthesystem,sothattheoverallperformanceoftheorganizationcanbeenhanced.Theprocessapproachinvolvesthesystematicdefinitionandmanagementofprocesses,andtheirinteractions,so/25astoachievetheintendedresultsinaccordancewiththequalitypolicyandstrategicdirectionoftheorganization.ManagementoftheprocessesandthesystemasawholecanbeachievedusingthePDCAcycle(see0.3.2)withanoverallfocusonrisk-basedthinking(see0.3.3)aimedattakingadvantageofopportunitiesandpreventingundesirableresults.Theapplicationoftheprocessapproachinaqualitymanagementsystemenables:a)understandingandconsistencyinmeetingrequirements;b)theconsiderationofprocessesintermsofaddedvalue;c)theachievementofeffectiveprocessperformance;d)improvementofprocessesbasedonevaluationofdataandinformation.Figure1givesaschematicrepresent