4.好Politics__Class_and_Race_in_the_U.K

Unit4Politics，ClassandRaceContents:1.GeneralElections2.PoliticalParties3.RecentPoliticalTrends4.CurrentIssues5.Class6.RaceGeneralElectionstheprocesstoitsdemocracyin1832:5%oftheadultby1884:25%by1919:75%in1928:99%Agovernmentcanstandfornomorethan5yearsexceptinexceptionalcircumstancesGeneralElectionsThegeneralelectioninBritainisheldevery5yearsandiscontrolledbythe2principalparties---theConservativePartyandtheLabourParty.1.651electoralareas/constituencies2.MPAnyonewhoiseligibletovotecanstandasanMP.Butadepositof500poundsshouldbepaidinadvance.ThePreparationofElection:AdvertisementsDoor-to-doorcampaigningLeafletsBroadcastsPoliticalPartiesThereare3majornationalpartiesinBritain1.TheLabourParty2.TheConservativeParty3.TheLiberalDemocratsThefirst2mainpoliticalpartiesdominatethepoliticalscene.TheLabourPartyTheLabourpartywasfoundedin1900byaunionbetween3parts:1.TheTradeUnion2.TheIndependentLabourParty3.TheFabianSocietyItbecamethemainoppositionpartyaftertheWWIandwonamajorityintheHouseofCommonsin1945underAttlee.AttleeThePrimeMinisterinBritainfrom1945---1951TheConsertivePartyTheConservativepartydevelopedoutoftheToryParty.ToryPartywasfoundedin1679whenParliamentdividedinto2politicalgroupsoverthedisputewhetherJamesIIshouldbetheheirtoKingCharlesII.ThesupportersofJamesIIformedthegroupknownas“Tory”,whiletheopponentsformedthe“Whig”.TheToryPartychangeditsnameintotheConservativepartyandWhigintoLiberalPartyin1833.TheConsertivePartyTheConservativepartywasthe“EmpireParty”duringthe19thcentury.BeforeWWI,theconservativepartyandtheLiberalpartywere2principalparties,takingturnsinoffice.After1922theLabourParty(formedin1900)tooktheplaceoftheLiberalPartyasoneofthe2mainparties.NowtheConservativePartyhasabout2millionmembers.Itsupportsprivateenterpriseandisgenerallyopposedtonationalizationandextendingsocialservices.TheConservativePartyisthepartythatspentmosttimeinpower.TheConservativesarestandingforprotectingtheindividual’sright.TheLiberaldemocratsThethirdbiggestparty.TheLiberalDemocratsarethethirdbiggestparty,andtosomeextentmaybeseenasapartyofthemiddle.RecentPoliticalTrendsTherecentPrimeMinistersinU.K.MargaretThatcherJohnMajorTonyBlairGordonBrownMargaretThatcherUK’sfirstwomanPrimeMinisterTheConservativePartyMargaretThatcherMargaretThatcherJohnMajorHeservedasthePrimeMinisterinBritainfrom1990---1997.TheConservativeParty.JohnMajorTonyBlairTonyBlairGordonBrownJune27th,2007,BrownbecamethenewPrimeMinisterinBritain.TheLabourpartyGordonBrownGordonBrownFormerTreasurychiefGordonBrownbecameBritishprimeminister,promising“anewgovernmentwithnewpriorities,”afterTonyBlairresignedtoendadecadeinpower.PowerchangedhandstraditionallyandquietlybehindcloseddoorsinBuckinghamPalaceasBlairfirstcalledonQueenElizabethIItosubmithisresignation,andBrownarrivedsoonaftertobeconfirmedasthenewprimeminister.“Thiswillbeanewgovernmentwithnewpriorities,”BrowntoldreportersoutsidehisDowningStreetofficeminuteslater.“I’vebeenprivilegedwiththegreatopportunitytoservemycountry.”(4)ThesearesomeimportanteventsofUKpolicyonEnvironmentalProtection1997,signedKyotoProtocol2000,launchedtheUntiedKingdom’sClimateChangeProgramme2008,theClimateChangeActbecamelaw2010，launchedaHighLevelAdvisoryGroup2010,publishedHouseholdEnergyManagementStrategyCurrentIssuesE.U.NATOE.U.EuropeanUnionTheEuropeanUnion(EU)aimstopromotesocialandeconomicprogressamongitsmembers,commonforeignandsecuritypositions,policeandjudicialco-operationincriminalmatters,andEuropeancitizenship.NATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationItisanallianceof26countriesfromNorthAmericaandEuropecommittedtofulfillingthegoalsoftheNorthAtlanticTreatysignedonApril4,1949.NATO----theNorthAtlanticTreadyTheNorthAtlanticTreatyWashingtonD.C.-4April1949ThePartiestothisTreatyreaffirmtheirfaithinthepurposesandprinciplesoftheCharteroftheUnitedNationsandtheirdesiretoliveinpeacewithallpeoplesandallgovernments.Theyaredeterminedtosafeguardthefreedom,commonheritageandcivilizationoftheirpeoples,foundedontheprinciplesofdemocracy,individuallibertyandtheruleoflaw.Theyseektopromotestabilityandwell-beingintheNorthAtlanticarea.Theyareresolvedtounitetheireffortsforcollectivedefenceandforthepreservationofpeaceandsecurity.TheythereforeagreetothisNorthAtlanticTreaty..NATO----memberstatesBelgiumBulgariaCanadaCzechRepDenmarkEstoniaFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainTurkeyUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesClassUpperclassMiddleclassupper-middleclasslower-middleclassLowerclassMiddleclass:uppermiddle-class(doctors,lawyers)lowermiddle-classThewayofmarkingoffuppermiddle-classEmploymentnewspaperthatpeopleread;thewaytheyspeak;accents;educationRaceEthnicminoritypopulationsImmigrants(fromSouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries)PositiveeffectsofimmigrantIncreasethevarietyandinterestwithinBritishcultureFoodMusicThenegativeofimmigrationTroublesintheprocessofassimilatingthoseimmigrants.