专八阅读讲义

新东方在线[]网络课堂电子教材系列专八阅读92专八阅读电子讲义主讲：张国帅欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材TEM-8阅读部分1998年PARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN)SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteenmultiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagescarefullyandthenmarkyouranswersonyourColoredAnswerSheet.TEXTAOnSocietyLowself-esteempopsupregularlyinacademicreportsasanexplanationforallsortsofviolence,fromhatecrimesandstreetcrimestoterrorism.Butdespitethepopularityoftheexplanation,notmuchevidencebacksitup.InarecentissueofPsychologicalReview,threeresearchersexaminethisliteratureatlengthandconcludethatamuchstrongerlinkconnectshighself-esteemtoviolence.Itisdifficulttomaintainbeliefinthelowself-esteemviewafterseeingthatthemoreviolentgroupsaregenerallytheoneswithhigherself-esteem,writeRoyBaumeisterofCaseWesternReserveUniversityandLauraSmartandJosephBodenoftheUniversityofVirginia.Theconventionalviewisthatpeoplewithoutself-esteemtrytogainitbyhurtingothers.Theresearchersfindthatviolenceismuchmoreoftentheworkofpeoplewithunrealisticallyhighself-esteemattackingotherswhochallengetheirself-image.Underthisumbrellacomebullies,新东方在线[]网络课堂电子教材系列专八阅读93rapists,psychopathsandmembersofstreetgangsandorganizedcrime.Thestudyconcludes:Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone'spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous....Thesocietalpursuitofhighself-esteemforeveryonemayliterallyendupdoingconsiderableharm.Asforprisonprogramsintendedtomakeviolentconvictsfeelbetteraboutthemselves,perhapsitwouldbebettertotryinstillingmodestyandhumility,theresearcherswrite.InaninterviewwiththeBostonGlobe,Baumeistersaidhebelievestheself-promotingestablishmentisstartingtocrumble.Whatwouldworkbetterforthecountryistoforgetaboutself-esteemandconcentrateonself-control,hesaid.Intheschools,thiswouldmeanturningawayfrompsychicboosterismandemphasizingself-esteemasaby-productofrealachievement,notasanendinitself.Theself-esteemmovement,stillentrenchedinschoolsofeducation,isdeeplyimplicatedinthedumbingdownofourschools,andinthespuriousequalitybehindtheideathatitisaterriblepsychicblowifonestudentdoesanybetteroranyworsethananother.Let'shopeitisindeedcrumbling.16.Theresearchersfindthattherearestrongerconnectionsbetween________.A.lowself-esteemandviolenceB.lowself-controlandviolenceC.highself-imageandviolenceD.highself-controlandviolence17.TheresearcherswouldmostprobablyagreewiththefollowingEXCEPT________.A.self-esteemshouldbepromotedandencouragedB.schoolsshouldchangetheirconceptofself-esteemC.thetraditionalviewisbeginningtolosegroundD.prisonsshouldchangetheirpresentpracticeTEXTBSocialchangeismorelikelytooccurinheterogeneoussocietiesthaninhomogeneousones,simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformers.Therearemoreideas,moreconflictsofinterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationsofdifferentpersuasions.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandtoleranceinheterogeneoussocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecisionratherthansubjectingthemtoauthority.Inaquitehomogeneoussociety-therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,becauseeverythingseemstobethesameand.ifnotsatisfactory,atleastcustomaryandundisputed.Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadily(1)inthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;(2)inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly:(3)inthelessbasic,lessemotional,orlesssacredaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites,likereligionorasystemofprestige:(4)inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones;(5)informratherthaninsubstance:and(6)inelementscongenialtothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.新东方在线[]网络课堂电子教材系列专八阅读9418.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweenahomogeneoussocietyandaheterogeneousoneliesin________.A.thenumberofopportunitiesofferedB.thenatureofconflictsofinterestC.theawarenessoftheneedforchangeD.theroleofsocialorganizations19.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethatchangesaremorelikelytobesuccessfulin_______.A.productionmethodsB.ideologicalconceptsC.religiousbeliefsD.socialbehaviorTEXTCOneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillcontinuetobethedominantformofwork,andthatemploymentwilleventuallybecomeavailableforallwhowantit,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.Peopleinjobswillworkfewerhoursintheday,fewerdaysintheweek,fewerweeksintheyear,andfeweryearsinalifetime,thantheydonow.Thiswillmeanthatmorejobswillbeavailableformorepeople.This,itissaid,isthewayweshouldsetaboutrestoringfullemployment.Thereisnodoubtthatsomethingofthiskindwillhappen.Theshorterworkingw