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3(,400715;,401120):,,,,:,:;;;;:H0-05:A:1000-0100(2010)01-0031-6LexicalSemanticChange:ItsMotivationsandCognitiveMechanismsZhangShao2quan(SouthwestUniversity,Chongqing400715,China;SouthwestUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw,Chongqing401120,China)Pervasiveinalllanguages,lexicalsemanticchangehasalwaysstoodoutasoneofthecentralissuesamonglinguists.Lexicalsemanticchangeundergoesthreestages:innovation,diffusionandresult.Speakersarethecentralforcesofsemanticinnovation.Thepresentpaperfirstdiscussesthetypesoflexicalsemanticchangeandthepreviousstudiesofitsmotivations.Thentheauthorarguesthatforlexicalsemanticchangetherearethreemotivations:objective,subjectiveandlinguistic,andthemajorcognitivemechanismsaremetaphor,metonymy,andsubjectification.Keywords:lexicalsemanticchange;motivation;metaphor;metonymy;subjectification1,(1997:207)1.1(generalizationextension),,,alibi,,bullish(),grasp,,(,)(specializationnarrowing),deer,,animalbeastgarage,(),1.2(elevationamelioration)craftsman,,executive,,,194970,80,,,,,,()1320101152FOREIGNLANGUAGERESEARCH2010,No.1SerialNo.1523(06JA740037),,(2005:260)(degradationpejoration)mistress,,,,1.3(semanticshift):,,,,dish();crown(),crane();puppet()1.4Heine,:(Heine1991:157),,,,,,,,,,(2005)given,provided,(lexicalization),,Givn,(Givn1971)hearsayhearsb.say22.1Zipf,(Zipf1949:19),Coseriu,(Blank1999:62)Geeraerts,(expressivityprinciple)(efficiencyprinciple)(Geeraerts1997),(ibid:92)Geeraerts,,,(ibid:107),(Geeraerts1999:106),,,,,,,,,2.2Heine,Claudi&Hnnemeyer(Heine,Claudi&Hnnemeyer1991)Traugott&Dasher,(Traugott&Dasher2005:279),?Brel5:(1);(2);(3);(4)(semanticbleaching),awfullyvery;(5),(Brel1964:65,100-105),,Ullmann19206:(1);(2);(3);(4);(5);(6)(Ullmann1962:197-210)6,Ullmann,Ullmann,,,2.3Blank,6:(1)():,;(2),:2320101,,;(3);(4):,Blank(cognitiveconstellations):,(framerelation);,(prototypicalchange);,(blurredconcepts)(co2hyponym);(5)Blank4(lexicalconstella2tions):,:;,(orphanedword);,;,/;(6)(emotionallymarkedconcepts),,(Blank1999:61-89)Blank,6,,BlankUllmannUllmann,BlankBlankUllmann,UllmannBlank,,,2.4,,:(),,,,,,,straw,,straw,straw,,,,,,(2005:260-261),,,,pig,cowsheep,pork,beefmutton(),,pig,cowsheep,,propose()pro2posemarriage;strike()strikework.,McMahon:()()()(McMahon1994),3,,,Sweetser,,(cognitivestructuring)(Sweetser1990:9)Nerlich&Clarke,(Traugott&Dasher2005:27)Traugott&Dasher,,,(Traugott&Dasher2005:11-12),,,,,(Campell1998:268-269)McMahon,(McMahon1994:176),,Geeraets,(subjectification)(Geeraets1997:8)Traugott&Dasher(Traugott&Dasher2005)3.120,Sweetser,,(Sweetser1990:19)(Traugott&Dasher33201012005:28),(2003:78-79)Piaget,,,,,(Piaget1972),,,(2006),car,,car,crawl,,crawlmovingslowly(),,,:Shecrawleddownthelistofnamescheckingeachonecarefully.Thedayswerecrawlingpast.,,crawlgrovel()3.2,(contiguity),Lakoff&Johnson,,,,(Lakoff&Johnson1980:35-40)Itsrudetostickyourtongueoutatpeople;Itriedspeakingtoherinhernativetongue.,tonguetongue,,,,(naturalinferenceschemas),,,,,(sourceconcept),,(targetconcept),(illocutionaryverb)implore,(intears),,;,,,3.3,(2007:11),,(subjectivity),,(2001:268),,,while(Traugott1995:48):Illcallyouinawhile.//JohnsonwashedthedisheswhileMildredslept.//Whilepaintingisexquisite,Istilldontthinkitsworththeprice.,while,;,while,,;,while,,Traugott,,(boor,churl)(Traugott1999:188)boor,churl,,,,boor,churl2090,4320101,,Tra2ugott&Dasher,(Traugott&Dasher2005:95)4,,,,(Gyri2002:147).[J].,2007(4).[J].,2004(4)..[M].:,1997..[J].,2006(2)..[J].,2005(4)..[M].:,2003..[M].:,2005.Blank,A.WhydoNewMeaningsOccur?ACognitiveTypo2logyoftheMotivationsforLexicalSemanticChange[A].InA.Blank&P.Koch(eds.).HistoricalSe2manticsandCognition[C].Berlin:MoutondeGruyter,1999.Brel,M.Semantics:StudiesintheScienceofMeaning[M].NewYork:Dover,1964.Campell,L.HistoricalLinguistics:AnIntroduction[M].Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1998.Geeraerts,D.DiachronicPrototypeSemantics:AContributiontoHistoricalLexicology[M].OxfordandNewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1997.Geeraerts,D.DiachronicPrototypeSemantics:ADigest[A].InA.Blank&P.Koch(eds.).HistoricalSe2manticsandCognition[C].Berlin:MoutondeGruyter,1999.Givn,T.HistoricalSyntaxandSynchronicMorphology:AnarchaeologistsFieldTrip[Z].CLS11.UniversityofChicago:ChicagoLinguisticsSociety,1971.Gyri,Gabor.SemanticChangeandCognition[J].Cogni2tiveLinguistics,2002(2).Heine,B.,Claudi,U.&Hnnemeyer,F.Grammaticaliza2tion:AConceptualFramework[M].Chicago:Universi2tyofChicagoPress,1991.Lakoff,G.&Johnson,M.MetaphorsWeLiveby[M].Chi2cago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1980.Ludtke,H.DiachronicSemantics:TowardsaUnifiedTheoryofLanguageChange?[A].InA.Blank&P.Koch(eds.).HistoricalSemanticsandCognition[C].Ber2lin:MoutondeGruyter,1999.McMahon,A.M.S.UnderstandingLanguageChange[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1994.Piaget,J.ThePrinciplesofGeneticEpistemology[M].Lon2don:Routledge&KeganPall,1972.Stern,G.MeaningandChangeofMeaning[M].Blooming2ton:IndianaUniversityPress,1931.Sweetser,E.FromEtymologytoPragmatics:MetaphoricalandCulturalAspectsofSemanticStructure[M].Cam2bridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1990.Traugott,E.C.SubjectificationinGrammaticalization[A].InStein&Wright