德里达的解构主义文学批评

Weneedtointerpretinterpretationsmorethantointerpretthings.——Montaigne(asquotedinDerrida'sessay,“structure,sign,andplay”,1966)在更多的情况下，我们其实并不是对事物本身进行解释，而是对从前的各种的“解释”进行解释。•ItsBeginnings•StructuralismataGlance•Derrida’sInterpretationofSaussure’sSignHistoricalDevelopment•TranscendentalSignified•Logocentrism•BinaryOppositions•PhonocentrismAssumptions•Arche-writing•Supplementation•DifféranceMethodology•ReadingStrategyTextualAnalysis•ItsBeginnings•StructuralismataGlance•Derrida’sInterpretationofSaussure’sSignDerridareadhispaper“Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumanScience”ataJohnsHopkinsUniversitysymposiumin1966.DerridaborrowsthebasisofandthestartingpointforhisdeconstructivestrategyfromtheschoolofStructuralism.•FerdinanddeSaussure’sCourseinGeneralLinguistics.•Langue/Parole•Signifier/SignifiedSignifiersSignifiersthemselvesrelationshipsdifferencesSignifiedsOthersignifiedsdifferencesrelationshipsSignifiedsSignifiersarbitraryconventional•Ifilledtheglasswithmilk.signifier:glass,signified:container•Thecontainerwasfilledwithglass.signifier:container,signified:anobjectthatcanbefilled•TranscendentalSignified•Logocentrism•BinaryOppositions•PhonocentrismTranscendentalSignified(超越的意旨)TranscendentalSignifiedultimatemeaningTranscendentalSignifiedideasofrealityCenters:God,reason,origin,being,essence,truth,humanity,beginning,endandself.Logocentrism(逻各斯中心主义):Thebeliefthatthereisanultimaterealityorcenteroftruththatcanserveasthebasisforallourthoughtsandactions.DerridaconcludesthatWesternmetaphysicsisbasedonasystemofbinaryoperations(二元对立).Foreachcenter,thereexistsanopposingcenter.Westernphilosophydecreesthatineachofthesebinaryoperations,oneconceptissuperioranddefinesitselfbyitsoppositeorinferiorcenter.privilegedunprivilegedmanwomanhumananimalsoulbodygoodbadSpeech(Presence)Writing(Absence)•Speech/Writing•ThisprivilegingofspeechoverwritingDerridacallsphonocentrism（语音中心主义）.•AcknowledgingBinaryOperationsinWesternThought•Arch-Writing•Supplementation•Différanceviolenthierarchy（暴力等级）SpeechWritingSpeechWritingArche-Writing，archi-écriture（元书写）•Derridausesthetermsupplementtorefertotheunstablerelationshipbetweenelementsinabinaryoperation.•InFrench,“suppléer”alsomeans“tosubstitute(totaketheplaceof)”.Adam’sfirstgoodactisanexpressionofloveforthefallenEve.Thisgoodnesscomesonlyafterevil.Good/EvilEvil/GoodGood/EvilLucifer’sFallPrideGodHuman’sFallHecreatesanewwordDifférance.TheworditselfisderivedfromtheFrenchwordDifférer,meaning“todefer(delay)延宕”,and“todiffer(bedifferentfrom)区别”.Weknowsomethingbecauseitdiffersfromsomethingelsetowhichitisrelated.Bythereversal,nothingcanbestudiedorlearnedinisolation.PresenceAbsencePresenceAbsence•ReadingStrategyDiscoverthebinaryoperationsthatgovernatext.Commentonthevalues,conceptsandideasbeyondtheseoperations.Reversethesepresentbinaryoperations.Dismantlepreviouslyheldworldviews.Acceptthepossibilityofvariousperspectivesorlevelsofmeaninginatextbasedonthenewbinaryinversions.Allowmeaningofthetexttobeundecidable.WorksCitedBressler,Charles.LiteraryCriticism:AnIntroductiontoTheoryandPractice.Beijing:HigherEducationPress,2004.Guerin,WilfredL.et,al.AHandbookofCriticalApproachestoLiterature.Beijing:ForeignLangurageTeachingandResearchPress.2004.Selden,Ramanet,al.AReader’sGuidetoContemporaryLiteraryThoery.Beijing:ForeignLangurageTeachingandResearchPress.2004.