Graphene and graphite nanoribbons 石墨烯纳米带综述

NanoToday(2010)5,351—372availableat:Morphology,properties,synthesis,defectsandapplicationsMauricioTerronesa,∗,AndrésR.Botello-Méndezb,JessicaCampos-Delgadoc,FlorentinoLópez-Uríasd,YadiraI.Vega-Cantúd,FernandoJ.Rodríguez-Macíasd,AnaLauraElíase,EmilioMu˜noz-Sandovald,AbrahamG.Cano-Márquezd,Jean-ChristopheCharlierb,HumbertoTerronesbaDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering&ChemicalEngineering,PolytechnicSchool,CarlosIIIUniversityofMadrid,AvenidaUniversidad30,EdificioBetancourt,28911Leganés,Madrid,SpainbInstituteofCondensedMatterandNanosciences(IMCN),UniversitéCatholiquedeLouvain,PlaceCroixduSud1,B-1348Louvain-la-Neuve,BelgiumcDivisãodeMetrologiadeMateriais,InstitutoNacionaldeMetrologia,Normalizac¸ãoeQualidadeIndustrial(INMETRO),DuquedeCaxias,RJ25250-020,BrazildAdvancedMaterialsDepartment,IPICYT,CaminoalaPresaSanJosé2055,Col.Lomas4asección,78216,SanLuisPotosí,SLP,MexicoeDepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,RiceUniversity,Houston,TX77005,USAReceived16May2010;receivedinrevisedform26June2010;accepted28June2010Availableonline2August2010KEYWORDSGraphene;Nanoribbons;Nanotubes;Synthesis;Properties;ApplicationsSummaryCarbonisauniqueandveryversatileelementwhichiscapableofformingdif-ferentarchitecturesatthenanoscale.Overthelast20years,newmembersofthecarbonnanostructurefamilyarose,andmorearecoming.ThisreviewprovidesabriefoverviewoncarbonnanostructuresrangingfromC60tographene,passingthroughcarbonnanotubes.Itpro-videsthereaderwithimportantdefinitionsincarbonnanoscienceandconcentratesonnovelone-andtwo-dimensionallayeredcarbon(sp2hybridized),includinggrapheneandnanoribbons.Thisaccountpresentsthelatestadvancesintheirsynthesisandcharacterization,anddiscussesnewperspectivesoftailoringtheirelectronic,chemical,mechanicalandmagneticpropertiesbasedondefectcontrolengineering.Itisforeseenthatsomeofthestructuresdiscussedinthereviewwillhaveimportantapplicationsinareasrelatedtoelectronics,spintronics,composites,medicineandmanyothers.©2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.∗Correspondingauthor.Tel.:[phone];fax:[phone].E-mailaddress:[e-mail](M.Terrones).1748-0132/$—seefrontmatter©2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2010.06.010352M.Terronesetal.IntroductionThediscoveryofC60Buckminsterfullerene,abeautifulcage-likecarbonmoleculeof7Åindiameter(Fig.1a)[1],stimulatedthecreativityandimaginationofscien-tistsandpavedthewaytoawholenewchemistryandphysicsofnanocarbons(Fig.1)[2—4].Soonafter,carbonnanostructuresrelatedpapersstartedtoincreaseinnum-beralmostexponentially.However,itisimportanttonotethat5yearsearlier(1980),SumioIijimafirstreportedelectronmicroscopeimagesofnestedcarbonnanocages(alsoknownasgraphiticonions)whenstudyingamor-phouscarbonfilmspreparedbythermalvacuumdeposition.In1988,KrotoandMcKayproposedthatsuchgraphiticonionsobservedbyIijimaconsistedofnestedicosahedralFullerenes(C60@C240@C540@C960.)containingonlypentago-nalandhexagonalcarbonrings(Fig.1b)[5].In1992,DanielUgarteobservedthereconstructionofpolyhedralgraphiticparticles(nestedgiantfullerenes)intoalmostsphericalcarbononions[6],duetohigh-energyelectronirradiationinsideahigh-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscope(HRTEM).Similarly,Chuvilinetal.haverecentlyobservedthecreationofdefectsongrapheneandtheeventualfor-mationofC60uponelectronirradiationinaHRTEM[7].Regardingtubulargraphene(rolledgraphenesheetsknownasnanotubes),Endo,andcoworkersappeartobethefirsttoreporttheexistenceofthinsingleandmulti-walledgraphiticnanotubes(SWCNTsandMWCNTs)(Fig.1c)usingHRTEM.Thesenanotubeswereproducedusingamodifiedchemicalvapordeposition(CVD)methodusedtoproducecarbonfibers[8],butthis1976paperdidnothaveabroadimpactatthattime.Thestudyofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)startedinearnestwhenSumioIijimaconfirmedin1991[9],usingelectrondiffraction,thatthestructureofMWCNTscon-sistedofnestedgraphenetubulesexhibitingfullerene-likecaps[10].Hetermedthesestructures‘‘graphitemicro-tubules’’.Theywereproducedviaanarc-dischargebetweengraphiteelectrodesinaninertatmosphere(nometalcata-lystwasused);thesamemethodforproducingfullerenes[9].ThesynthesisofSWCNTswasreportedacoupleofyearslater,in1993,byIijima’sgroup[11]andBethune’sgroup[12]usingacarbonarcinconjunctionwithmetalcatalysts.Soonafter,othergraphiticnanostructuresweresuccessfullyproduced,including:nanocones(Fig.1d)[13],peapods[14],nanohorns(Fig.1d)[15],carbonringsortoroids(Fig.1e)[16].Morerecently,thetwo-dimensionalcrystallineallotropeofcarbon,calledgraphene(Fig.1f),wasisolatedusingtheso-called‘‘scotch-tapemethod’’,whereaningeniousmethodforitsobservationunderanopticalmicroscopewasdescribed[17].AsinthecaseofCNTs,previousworksreportinggraphenefromthereduc-tionofgrapheneoxide[18]andtornfromgraphitewithanFigure1Molecularmodelsofdifferenttypesofsp2-likehybridizedcarbonnanostructuresexhibitingdifferentdimensionalities,0D,1D,2Dand3D:(a)C60:Buckminsterfullerene;(b)nestedgiantfullerenesorgraphiticonions;(c)carbonnanotube;(d)nanoconesornanohorns;(e)nan