《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(组成)EuropeanCulture.2、Therearetwomajorelements：Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.3、Therichness(丰富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.第一章1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依赖)animmense(无限的)amountofslavelabour.3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1896(当代奥运会)4、AncientGreece(古希腊)’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.5、TheyeventsofHomer’sowntime.(错)(TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer’sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)6、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe’sUlysses(描述一天的生活)Inthe20thcentury.10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud’s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《TrojanWomen》B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.Tobespecific(具体来说)，Euripides.12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History(Historicalwriting)史学创作※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta，AthensandSyracuse)14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘sElements解析几何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)②ArchimedesHisworknotonlyingeometry几何学，butalsoinarithmetic算术，machanics机械，andhydrostatics.流体静力学选择：Givemeaplacetostand，andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙①TheDoricstyleisalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏伟的)buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)issturdy(坚强的)，powerful，severelooking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.②TheIonicstyleisalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的)。TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)③TheCorinthianstyleisknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)19、Thefamoustemples：TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”.25、Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods：republicandempire.27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.29、north：Scotlandeast：ArmeniaandMesopotamia30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana33、TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民).34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.35、After395，theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.36、Cicero西赛罗helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries批评论“Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.”38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所40、TheColosseum(大理石像)it‘sanenormous.露天的环形影剧院41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式论述简答一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece？(名解简答)(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece？Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy？)答：①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.②Women，children，foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop？答：①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience，philosophy，literature，artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.，GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander，kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered，wheneverGreekculturewasfound.⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.，the