鱼菜共生

VvvI要本试验以鱼–菜共生和生物絮团水质调控技术为理论基础，池塘设置不同覆盖率(5%和10%)的水蕹菜浮床，通过定时监测水质和浮游生物变化，探讨了水蕹菜浮床对水质和浮游生物的影响；向池塘添加理论添加量100%、75%和50%的碳源(糖蜜)，通过定时监测水质和浮游生物变化，探讨了碳源(糖蜜)添加对水质和浮游生物的影响以及确定了碳源(糖蜜)的适宜添加量，旨在为鱼–菜共生和生物絮团水质调控技术在西北地区盐碱池塘的推广应用提供一定的技术参考和理论依据。主要结果如下：(1)在池塘置入水蕹菜浮床后，水体透明度明显提高，DO水平保持在3mg/L以上，但对水温、pH和电导率的影响较小；浮床水蕹菜对水体NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、TN、TP以及COD的最大去除率分别为58.2%、34.8%、53.8%、9.46%、39.3%和31.3%，整个试验期间设置浮床的试验池塘水体NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、TN、TP和COD含量平均值均显著低于对照塘(P0.05)。试验塘浮游植物密度、生物量和浮游动物密度均显著低于对照塘(P0.05)，但浮游动物生物量显著高于对照塘(P0.05)；试验塘浮游植物Shannon-Weaver多样性指数H和Pielou均匀度指数J均显著高于对照塘塘(P0.05)，浮床覆盖率为10%的试验塘浮游动物Shannon-Weaver多样性指数H和Pielou均匀度指数J显著高于对照塘(P0.05)。不同覆盖率的水蕹菜浮床均可有效改善水质，但10%覆盖率的浮床对水质的改善效果较5%覆盖率的浮床好。(2)添加不同量的糖蜜均可提高水体透明度、降低COD，但对TP含量无显著影响。糖蜜添加量100%、75%和50%的3口试验塘水体NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N含量较对照塘分别降低58.20%、77.48%、39.81%和25.71%、31.42%、21.92%以及52.94%、76.19%、47.82%，差异显著。糖蜜添加对池塘蓝藻影响较明显，试验塘蓝藻密度和生物量分别为(812.5～1263.0)×104ind./L和25.34～54.31mg/L，对照塘蓝藻密度和生物量分别为(1079.2～1216.5)×104ind./L和34.01～58.54mg/L，差异显著(P0.05)。糖蜜添加VvvII量100%和75%的池塘浮游动物Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别下降15.18%和16.83%，显著低于对照塘32.56%的下降速度(P0.05)。综合认为，池塘中添加理论量100%和75%的糖蜜均可降低有害物质浓度、限制蓝藻的大量增殖、提高浮游生物多样性或减缓其下降速度，达到活化水体、改善水质的效果，认为添加理论量75%的糖蜜更经济实用。关键词：盐碱池塘；水蕹菜浮床；生物絮团；糖蜜；水质；浮游生物VvvIIISummaryTostudytheeffectsofIpomoeaaquaticafloating-bedandaddingcarbonresource(molasses)onwaterqualityandplanktonofthesaline-alkalinepondsinthenorthwestChinainfish-vegetableandbio-floctechnology.WehaveconducteddifferentcoveragerateofIpomoeaaquaticafloating-bed(5%and10%)ontwotreatmentfishponds,andaddedthemolasses100%,75%and50%ofthetheoreticaladdedamounttothreetreatmentfishpondsfromMaytoSeptember,aimedatprovidingsometechnicalreferenceandbasicinformationofthistwotechnologiesapplicatedinsaline-alkalinepondsinthenorthwestofChina.Themainresultsaresummarizedasfollows:(1)WiththeIpomoeaaquaticafloating-bedbuildinginponds,thetransparencyofthewaterwasinprovedobviously,madedissolvedoxygenstayedatabove3mg/L,buthavelessimpactontemperature,pHvalueandelectricalconductivityinponds.ThehighestremovalrateofNH4+-N,NO3--N,NO2--N,TN,TPandCODintreatmentpondswas58.2%,34.8%,53.8%,9.46%,39.3%and31.3%,respectively.TheaverageconcentrationofNH4+-N,NO3--N,NO2--N,TN,TPandCODintreatmentpondswerebothsignificantly(P0.05)lowerthanthecontrolpond.Thedensityandbiomassofphytoplankton,thedensityofzooplanktonintreatmentpondswerebothsignificantly(P0.05)lowerthanthecontrolpond,butthebiomassofofzooplanktonwassignificantly(P0.05)higherthanthecontrolpond.TheShannon-WeaverdiversityandPielouevennessindexofphytoplanktonwerebothsignificantly(P0.05)higherthanthecontrolpond.TheShannon-WeaverdiversityandPielouevennessindexofzooplanktonintreatment10%pondwassignificantly(P0.05)higherthanthecontrolpond.DifferentcoveragerateofIpomoeaaquaticafloating-bedcaneffectivelyimprovedthewaterquality,butthetreatment10%wasbetterthanthetreatment5%.(2)Addingdifferentamountofmolassestopondscouldimprovethetransparencyofthewater,reducethevalueofCOD,buthadnosignificantlyimpactVvvIVontheconcentrationofTPofthewater.TheconcentrationofNH4+-N,NO3--N,NO2--Nofthreetreatmentpondsdecreasedrespectivelyby58.20%、77.48%、39.81%and25.71%、31.42%、21.92%and52.94%、76.19%、47.82%,whichwassignificantlydifferent.Thedensityofcyanobacteriaintreatmentpondsrangedfrom812.5×104to1263.0×104ind./Landthebiomassrangedfrom25.34to54.31mg/L,correspondingly,thedensityofcyanobacteriaincontrolpondrangedfrom1079.2×104to1216.5×104ind./Landthebiomassrangedfrom34.01to58.54mg/L,whichwassignificantly(P0.05)different.TheShannon-Weaverdiversityofzooplanktonoftreatment100%and75%decreasedby15.18%and16.83%,anditwassignificantly(P0.05)lowerthanthecontrolpondwhichdecreasedby32.56%.Addingwith100%and75%ofthetheoreticalamountofthemolassestopond,theconcentrationofsomeharmfulsubstancesdecreased，cyanobacteriareproductioncontrolled,thebiodiversityofplanktonincreased,thewaterqualitycouldbeimprovedeffectively,thetreatmentaddingmolasseswith75%ofthetheoreticaladdedamountismoreeconomicalandpractical.Keywords：saline-alkalineponds;Ipomoeaaquaticafloating-bed;biologicalfloc;molasses;waterquality;planktonVvvV目录摘要................................................................................................................................................ISummary.........................................................................................................................................III目录.................................................................................................................................................V缩略语表.......................................................................................................................................VII第一章文献综述.............................................................................................................................11我国池塘养殖现状和存在的问题.......................................................................................11.1池塘养殖发展现状.....................................................................................................11.2池塘养殖面临的问题..............................