都铎王朝

ChapterV1485theendingyearofMiddleAgesTheTudorfamilyruledEnglandfrom1485-1603,Englandbecameanationalstatewithanefficientcentralizedgovernment.Thetransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.1.ascendthethrone2.transitionalstage3.feudalism4.enclosure5.maritimeenterprise6.monarchy7.PrivyCouncil:agroupofpeoplewhoadvisethekingorthequeen(枢密院)8.JusticeofPeace9.guild:anorganizationofagroupofpeopledoingthesamejob10.customsduty11.JohnCabot12.Newfoundland13.pagan14.heretic15.notoriousEnclosure----turningthecommonlandintoprivateproperty.Itcausedmuchpovertyfrom13thcenturyto19thcentury.Anotherwaveintheperiodof1760—1820createdanewclassoflandlesslaborersandfactoryworkers.In1876theenclosureofcommonlandwaslimitedbylaw.在１５世纪的英国，除了那些公有地之外，每一块土地早已有了自己的主人，为什么还能出现重新圈占土地的情况呢？在１５世纪以前，英国的生产主要还是以农业为主，纺织业在人们的生活中，还是个不起眼的行业。随着新航路的发现，国际间贸易的扩大，在欧洲大陆的西北角的佛兰得尔地区，毛纺织业突然繁盛起来，在它附近的英国也被带动起来。毛纺织业的迅猛发展，使得羊毛的需求量逐渐增大，市场上的羊毛价格开始猛涨。英国本来是一个传统的养羊大国，这时除了满足国内的需要而外，还要满足国外的羊毛需要。因此，养羊业与农业相比，就变得越来越有利可图。这时，一些有钱的贵族开始投资养羊业。养羊需要大片的土地。贵族们纷纷把原来租种他们土地的农民赶走，甚至把他们的房屋拆除，把可以养羊的土地圈占起来。一时间，在英国到处可以看到被木栅栏、篱笆、沟渠和围墙分成一块块的草地。被赶出家园的农民，则变成了无家可归的流浪者。这就是圈地运动。后来，英国国会又颁布了一个法令，规定凡是流浪一个月还没有找到工作的人，一经告发，就要被卖为奴。这种奴隶如果逃亡，抓回来就要被判为终身的奴隶。第三次逃亡：就要被判处死刑。任何人都有权将流浪者的子女抓去作学徒，当苦役。亨利八世和伊丽莎白两代国王统治时期，曾经处死了大批流浪的农民。圈地的结果，使英国的农民数量越来越少，失去土地的农民只好进入城市，成为城市无产者。为了活命，他们不得不进入生产羊毛制品的手工工场和其它产品的手工工场，成为资本家的廉价劳动力。１８世纪后，英国国会通过了大量的准许圈地的法令，最终在法律上使圈地合法化，英国农民的人数为此减少到了有史以来的最低数量。圈地运动为英国的资本主义的发展提供了有利的条件。这种“羊吃人”的圈地运动，为它准备了大量的、除了自己的劳动力之外一无所有的劳动者。WarsoftheRoses1486年，亨利七世同约克王朝爱德华四世之女伊利莎白(ElisabethofYork)结婚，宣布约克和兰开斯特两大家族合并，长达30年的玫瑰战争结束。而两大家族的家徽－红白玫瑰也被合并为都铎玫瑰(TudorRose),红白相间。现今如果注意英国王室纹章或者英国国徽，也可以看到上面的红白相间的都铎玫瑰。HouseofTudorHenryVII(1485—1509)HenryVIII(1509—1547)---ReformationElizabethI(1558—1603)TheEnglishRenaissance(1450—1600)HenryVII(1485—1509)political----organizeanefficienttaxsystem,builtupthePrivyCouncil(枢密院）judicial----theStarChamberp213increasethepowersoftheJPInnsofCourteconomic---encouragetheweavingindustryencouragetheship-buildingencourageadventurousmerchantstoexplorenewlandsTheCourtofStarChamberwasacourtoflawwhichevolvedfrommeetingsoftheking'sroyalcouncil.Althoughitsrootsgobacktothemedievalperiod,thecourtonlybecamepowerfulasaseparateentityduringthereignofHenryVII.In1487thecourtbecameajudicialbodyseparatefromtheking'scouncil,withamandatetohearpetitionsofredress.TheCourtofStarChamberwasnamedforthestarpatternpaintedontheceilingoftheroomatWestminsterPalacewhereitsmeetingswereheld.Westminster,London,theStarChamberconsolidationHenryVII,founderofthenewmonarchyWeakeningthepoweroftheoldnobility----forbidthemtokeeparmedsoldiersOrganizedanefficienttaxsystemandbuiltupalargefortuneIncreasedthepoweroftheJusticesofthePeaceWoolmerchantsdevelopingtoacapitalisttradeinnatureEncourageadventurousmerchantstoexplorenewlandsreformationChurchoftheMiddleAges----dominateman’sthinking,anyonenotconformtoitsdoctrines----pagan\hereticPoperaisedmoneybysellingindulgencesHinderthesocialandpoliticalprogressandcommercialprogressabroadHenryVIIIdivorcequestionp207-208InDec.1533----SupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandAllthereligiousinstitutionswereseizedandtheirpossessionswereconfiscatedHenryVIII(king1509-47)1509HenryVIIdiedandhissonHenryVIIIsucceededhimandmarriedCatherine,thewidowofhiselderbrother.Reformation1.1534ActofSupremacybywhichHenryVIIIbecameheadoftheEnglishChurch2.Allthereligiousinstitutionswereseizedandtheirpossessionswereconfiscatedbythecrown3.TheEnglishlanguagebecamethelanguageforreligiousoffices.SixwivesEdwardVI(b1537,r1547-1553)diedofTBat15,extremeprotestantMary(born1516-58)reign1553-58,becamequeenat25,acatholicburnt300protestantatthestake,namedBloodyMaryprotestantAmemberoftheChristianchurchthatseparatedfromtheRomanCatholicchurchinthe16thcentury.TherearemanydifferentProtestantgroupsincludingtheAnglicans英国国教,Methodists卫理公会派,Presbyterians长老教会andBaptists浸礼教会,butingeneralProtestantbelievethatreligiousandmoralprinciplesshouldbebasedmoreontheBiblethanonthetraditionsofthechurchoronrulesmadebythePope.TheirreligiousservicesaremoresimplethanCatholics.InUSandUKmostChristiansbelongtoProtestantgroup.Enclosure圈地运动TheStarChamber星室法庭，15-17世纪英国最高司法机构，位于威斯敏斯特王宫ThePrivyCouncil英国枢密院，国王的私人顾问机关，由国王的佃户总管、宫廷官员和国王选定的其他人组成。JP(JusticeofthePeace)治安法官，由政府委任民间人士担任社区安宁、防止非法刑法和处理一些较简单的法律程序的职衔。Renaissance文艺复兴GreatVoyagescauses1.MarcoPolo(1254-1324)borninVenice,anItalian,17yearsintheYuanDynasty,returnhometojointheVenetianforcesfightingGenoa1296capturedintoprison1298travelbookwritteninjail“TheTravelsofMarcoPolo”totheeastforgold2.Italians,Arabscontrolledtheroutestotheeastonland1453ConstantinopleofRomanEmpire,orByzantineEmpiretakenbytheTurks(OttomanEmpire)routetotheeastwascut3.techofnavigationa.largeboats,shipsb.compass,andprecisemapc.HenrytheNavigator(Portuguese)1460setupschoolsd.competitiontotakemorelandandgoldPortugalwasthefirsttogototheeast,followedbySpain,HollandandEnglandJohnCabotAnItalianmariner,servingEnglandandcrossedtheAtlantictoNewfoundlandLaterin1583becamethefirstcolonyoftheBritishEmpireAmerigoVespucci(1454-1512)