欧洲中世纪英文版(The-middle-age)

GeneralIntroductionPoliticalandReligionaspectsCultureandArtaspectsPeople’slifeintheMiddleAgesThefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireTheBritishbourgeoisrevolutionbrokeoutIn476AD-1453AD⑴Nocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.⑵TheChristianitycontinuedtogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.⑶IntheLateMiddleAges,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberofChristianchurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.MiddleAgesisalsocalled“DarkAges”,becauseafterUncivilizedGermanicsconqueredtheRome,theymadebothpeople’slivingstandardandspiritualstandarddroptoaverylowpoint.That’sakindof“countermarchofcivilizationPoliticalandReligionFeudalism1.TheManor(封建领主的）领地、庄园2.Knighthood(骑兵身份)andcodeofChivalry(骑兵制度)Religion1.Theorganizationofchurch2.ThepowerandinfluenceoftheCatholicChurch1.TheManorThecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefs（封地）ofthelord（领主）.Somelordsownedonlyonemanor;othersownedmany.Theylivedinmanorhouses.Themanorhouseoriginallyconsistedofbigroomswithahighceilingandastraw-coveredfloor.By12thcentury,manorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses(堡垒)。Theycametobecalledcastles.MedievalEuropewasdottedwithcastles.2.KnighthoodandcodeofChivalryAlmostallnoblesintheMedievaldayswereknightsCodeofChivalry:Asaknight,hewaspledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandrespectwomanofnoblebirth.Pope(supremehead教皇)Archbishops（province大教主）Bishops（diocese主教）Priests（parish牧师TheorganizationofchurchThePowerandInfluenceoftheCatholicChurchUnderfeudalism,peopleofwesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lordsandpeasants.TheMedievalChurchwasthecentreofdailylifeinthecountryandtownalike,andithadapartinallimportantevents.THEARTANDECONOMYINMIDDLEAGESTHEARTINMIDDLEAGE•Theartofmiddleageisbasedonreligiontoshowtheconceptoffeelingsandideas.ByzantineartRomannesqueartGothicartTHEECONOMYINMIDDLEAGE•NatureeconomyTheeconomicreligion:MediterraneanseaPEOPLE’SLIFEINTHEMIDDLEAGE•Lowlivingconditions•Invasionofsavageconquerors•Economicsystem•Spirituallife•Dullandboring•ForbiddanceofwesternchurchPEOPLE’SLIFEINTHEMIDDLEAGETheCrusades17TheCrusades:•aseriesofholywars•manypeoplewentonjourneystosacredplacestoexpresstheirreligiousfeelings.•in1071,TurkisharmiesoccupiedPalestine.•allthesoldiersfromwestEuropewenttoJerusalemtoprotecttheirHolyland.TheEndTHANKS