搜索
GroundwaterTermabsorptioncoefficient吸附系数Ameasureoftheamountofradiantenergy,incidentnormaltoaplanarsurface,thatisabsorbedperunitdistanceorunitmassofasubstance.accumulation(glacial)堆积Allprocesses,whichincludesnowfall,condensation,avalanching,snowtransportbywind,andfreezingofliquidwater,thataddsnoworicetoaglacier,floatingice,orsnowcover.Thetermalsoincludestheamountofsnoworothersolidprecipitationaddedtoaglacierorsnowfieldbytheseprocesses.acidrain酸雨theacidicrainfallwhichresultswhenraincombineswithsulfuroxidesemissionsfromcombustionoffossilfuels.acidityprofile酸度剖面Theacidconcentrationinicecorelayersasafunctionofdepthasdeterminedfromelectricalmeasurements.ThemagnitudesofsomevolcaniceruptionsintheNorthernHemispherehavebeenestimatedfromtheacidityofannuallayersinicecorestakeninGreenland.Thismethodologyissometimesreferredtoasaciditysignaloracidityrecord.adhesion内聚力themolecularattractionassertedbetweenthesurfacesofbodiesincontact.Comparecohesionadsorption吸附theadhesionofasubstancetothesurfaceofasolidorliquid.Adsorptionisoftenusedtoextractpollutantsbycausingthemtobeattachedtosuchadsorbentsasactivatedcarbonorsilicagel.Hydrophobic,orwater-repulsingadsorbents,areusedtoextractoilfromwaterwaysinoilspills.advancetime[irrigation]行进时间Timerequiredforagivenstreamofirrigationwatertomovefromtheupperendofafieldtothelowerendofthefield.advection水平对流Thepredominatelyhorizontallarge-scalemovementofairthatcauseschangesintemperatureorotherphysicalproperties.Inoceanography,advectionisthehorizontalorverticalflowofseawaterasacurrent.aeration曝气themixingorturbulentexposureofwatertoairandoxgentodissipatevolatilecontaminantsandotherpollutantsintotheair.aerationzone包气带(alsoknownastheunsaturatedzone):Thezoneabovethewatertableisknownastheaerationzone.aerosol悬浮质Particulatematerial,otherthanwaterorice,intheatmosphereranginginsizefromapproximately10x-3tolargerthan10x2磎inradius.Aerosolsareimportantintheatmosphereasnucleiforthecondensationofwaterdropletsandicecrystals,asparticipantsinvariouschemicalcycles,andasabsorbersandscatterersofsolarradiation,therebyinfluencingtheradiationbudgetoftheearth-atmospheresystem,whichinturninfluencestheclimateonthesurfaceoftheEarth.aggressivewater侵蚀性水waterwhichissoftandacidicandcancorrodeplumbing,piping,andappliances.agriculturewateruse[water-usecategory]农业用水Composedoflivestock,animalspecialty,andirrigationwateruse.alkalinity碱度themeasurementofconstituentsinawatersupplywhichdeterminealkalineconditions.Thealkalinityofwaterisameasureofitscapacitytoneutralizeacids.SeepH.alluvium冲积物Sedimentsdepositedbyflowingrivers.Dependinguponthelocationinthefloodplainoftheriver,different-sizedsedimentsaredeposited.altithermalperiod高温期Aperiodofhightemperature,particularlytheonefrom8000to4000B.P.(beforethepresentera),whichwasapparentlywarmerinsummers,ascomparedwiththepresent,andwiththeprecipitationzonesshiftedpoleward.Alsocalledthehypsithermalperiod.anisotropy各向异性Theconditionunderwhichoneormoreofthehydraulicpropertiesofanaquifervaryaccordingtothedirectionofflow.antecedentmoisture前期降水量Thesoilmoisturepresentbeforeaparticularprecipitationevent.aquaculture水产业farmingoforganismsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,shellfish,andalgae.aquaculturewateruse[water-usecategory]水产用水Waterusedforfarmingoforganismsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,excludingfishhatcheries(commercialwateruse),shrimp,andothershellfish.ActivitiesincludedinSICcode0273.Subsetofanimalspecialtieswateruse.aquatic水生的growingin,livingin,orfrequentingwater.aquiclude隔水层Aunitoflowpermeabilitybutislocatedsothatitformsanupperorlowerboundarytoagroundwaterflowsystem,nowalsocalledconfininglayerorleakyconfining2layer.aquifer含水层ageologicformationthatwillyieldwatertoawellinsufficientquantitiestomaketheproductionofwaterfromthisformationfeasibleforbeneficialuse;permeablelayersofundergroundrockorsandthatholdortransmitgroundwaterbelowthewatertable.aquifer[hydrology]含水层(1)Ageologicformation,groupofformations,orpartofaformationthatcontainssufficientsaturatedpermeablematerialtoyieldsignificantquantitiesofwatertowellsandsprings(USGS);(2)Ageologicformation,groupofformations,orpartofaformationhavingstructuresthatpermitappreciablewatertomovethroughthemunderordinaryfieldconditions(ASCE).aquiferdepletion[management]含水层疏干Conditionofdecliningwaterlevelswithintheaquifer'sstructurebecausenaturalrechargingfromsurfacewaterandprecipitationisinadequatetomaintainnormallevel.Canbecausedbywithdrawalratesexceedingrechargerates.aquifertest含水层试验Seepumpingtestaquifer,confined承压含水层Anaquiferthatisoverlainbyaconfiningbed.TheConfiningbedhasasignificantlylowerhydraulicconductivitythantheaquifer.aquifer,perched上层滞水含水层Aregionintheunsaturatedzonewherethesoilmaybelocallysaturatedbecauseitoverliesalow-permeabilityunit.aquifer,semi-confined半承压含水层Anaquiferconfinedbyalow-permeabilitylayerthatpermitswatertoslowlyflowthroughit.Duringpumpingoftheaquifer,rechargetotheaquifercanoccuracrosstheconfininglayer.Alsoknownasaleakyartesianorleakyconfinedaquifer.aquifer,unconfined非承压含水层Anaquiferinwhichtherearenoconfiningbedsbetweenthezoneofsaturationandthesurface.Therewi