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Unit5Canada–“TheTrueNorth”Learningaboutlanguagemulti=manymeaningsmulticulturalincludingmanyculturesmultinationalincludingmanynationsmultistoreyhavingmanystories/storeysmulticolouredmadeofmanycoloursmultimediausingmanymedia(TV,CDs)multichannelhavingmanychannelsDiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions1Guessthemeaningsofthewordsbelow.multiformexistinginmanyformsmultitrackmadeofmanytracks(eg.railwaysandtapes)multifaithincludingmanyreligions/faithsmultimembermadeofmanymembers/people(committeesandorganizations)ward(s)=inadirectionmeaningseastward(s)totheeastforward(s)ahead,tothefrontupward(s)tohigherposition/leveloutward(s)out,inadirectionawaydownward(s)tolowerposition/levelbackward(s)totherear,tothebackwestward(s)tothewestsouthward(s)tothesouthnorthward(s)tothenorthinward(s)totheinsidetoward(s)inadirectionto2Findwordsinthisunitthathavethesamemeaningasthedefinitions.1.________bagsthatpeopletakewiththemwhentheytravel2.________agovernmentmemberwhoisinchargeofagovernmentdepartment3.________ashortinformaltest4.________totalktosomeoneinafriendly,informalwaybaggageministerquizchat5._______onorontoaship,plane,busortrain6.________generalappearanceofnaturearoundyou,especiallybeautifulnature7.________inorbyaverysmallamount,sosmallthatitalmostcannotbeseen8._________tobeallaroundsb.orsth.oneverysideaboardsceneryslightlysurround3Completethepassagewiththewordsbelowintheirproperforms.ThecityofRome,Italy,completely__________thesmallestcountryintheworld,theVaticanCityState.surroundsacreborderharbourmeasuresurroundurbanwithinIthasanareaof0.44squarekilometreswitha________________3.2kilometreslong.BecausetheVaticanisentirely_____Rome,ithasno_______foroceanships.Thecountryisreallyjustoneverysmallcity:its______areacovers100percentofthecountry.bordermeasuringwithinharboururbanNounclausesastheappositiveGrammar1.同位语从句含义同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分,其一般跟在一些抽象名词(idea;belief;fact;truth;problem;news等)后面,对名词作进一步解释说明。结构:n.+连接词+从句同位语从句常用that引导或用连接副词when/where/why/how/whether注:1.同位语从句多用that引导;2.在havenoidea之后常用wh-引导同位语从句。Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.Ihavenoideawhenhedidit.Ihavenoideawhathedid.1)Theideathatcomputerscanrecognizehumanvoicessurprisesmanypeople.2)SydneykepthispromisethathewouldalwaysdoanythinghecouldforLucietomakesureofherhappiness.同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系,对其内容作进一步说明。如：I’vecomefromMrWangwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。2.同位语从句的引导词①如果同位语从句意义完整,则用that引导。that不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。如：Thegeneralgavetheorderthatthesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。(thesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce是theorder的全部内容,且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句)②如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义,则应该用whether引导。如：We’lldiscusstheproblemwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。注意:if不能引导同位语从句。③如果同位语从句意义不完整,需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义,应该用when,where,how等词引导。如：IhavenoideawhenChaplin’sfilmwillbeon.我不知道卓别林的电影什么时候放映。Ihavenoimpressionhowhewenthome,perhapsbybike.我记不清他是怎样回家的,或许是骑自行车回去的。④当主句的谓语较短,而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。如：Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity.他突然想到敌人可能已经逃出城了。Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.几年以后,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。区分同位语从句和定语从句时,可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子,如果句子通顺且符合逻辑,则为同位语从句,反之,则为定语从句。如：Thereportthathewasgoingtoresignwasfalse.他将辞职的传闻是假的。本句中,先行词与从句之间加上一个be后为：Thereportwasthathewasgoingtoresign.因为该句句意通顺,所以thathewasgoingtoresign是同位语从句。3.同位语从句和定语从句的区别Ihaveheardthenewsthathevisitedourfactory.Ihaveheardthenewsthathetoldyoutheotherday.同位语从句和定语从句简易区别法：1)同位语从句——that只起连接作用,不作任何成分。定语从句——that是关系代词,起连接作用和充当宾语和主语。2)同位语从句——同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系,对名词进行补充说明。定语从句——定从和前面的名词是所属关系,对名词进行修饰,加以限定。3)同位语从句——that不能省。定语从句——that在从句中作宾语时,可以省。1)从词类上区别同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。Hetoldmethenewsthathewouldcomehomefromaboardsoon.Wordcamethathehadbeenabroad.据说他已经出国了。Ourteamhaswonthegame,whichmadeusveryhappy.我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)(同位语从句)2)从性质上区别定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如:Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthegamewastrue.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)Thenewsthathetoldmeyesterdaywastrue.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语)3)从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别有些引导词如how,whether,what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。如:Thatquestionwhetherweneedithasnotbeenconsidered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:Theorderthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroupswasreceivedyesterday.我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略)Theorderthatwereceivedyesterdaywasthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略)【例题点击】1.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as答案为B。moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities是information的内