过渡词在书面表达中的运用湖南师大附中程继炳根据近几年的高考《考试说明》,英语书面表达评分标准第五档(很好)中有这样的表述:“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用复杂结构或高级词汇所致。”这就是说,学生仅运用基础词汇和基本句型,并不能体现出较强的语言运用能力,这样即使表达中无语法错误,也不能得高分;相反,尽管有些许错误,但如果目的是在有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇,也不会扣多少分,仍属最高档次。那么究竟如何运用高级词汇和复杂结构来写出好的文章,从而提高书面表达的档次呢?注意使用过渡词即起、承、转、合的单词和短语。过渡词是指一个与原句无句法关系的附加部分,在句中往往起缓和词气,表明态度,看法,解释说明整个句子的作用。过渡词的位置较灵活,可置于句首,句中或句末。过渡词在句中是一个独立部分,是句子不可缺少的成分,它在句与句中起一个逻辑意义一致,句子之间连接承上启下的作用。同时在文章中使用好过渡词还能提高文章的档次分,句子显得逻辑性强,结构紧凑,也是语言功底好的表现。如果去掉,句子的意思就不完整,甚至不知所云。试比较下面例句:例1.Wemustwork.Wemustbelieveinourselves.—Wemustworkandaboveallwemustbelieveinourselves.例2.Iwasanxioustoleave.IfeltthatIwasn’tabletotellmygrandparentsthatweweresafe.—Ononehand,Iwasanxioustoleave,ontheotherhandIfeltthatIwasn’tabletotellmygrandparentsthatweweresafe.例3.1)Totellyouthetruth,lifeisbeautiful.Ihavenoreasontothinkotherwise.2)Personally,Idon’tlikethispainting.可见过渡词在写作中使用得当,可以给文章增辉添彩,可以使描写更细致如微,说明文层次清楚,条分缕析,证论文说服力更强。反之,则使文章逻辑不清,显得生硬,乏味。下面从近几年高考作文优秀范文中提取出使用频率最高的过渡词,根据其在文章中的作用,大致可归纳为十二类:1、顺序过渡词2、递进过渡词3、对比过渡词4、原因与结果过渡词5、等同过渡词6、空间过渡词7、例举过渡词8、阐述性过渡词9、口语性过渡词10、事实性过渡词11、概括性过渡词12、描述性过渡词。1.顺序过渡词1.First,next,then,finally2.forone,second,finally3.tobeginwith,next,finally4.inthebeginning,atthebeginning5.inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace6.intheend,atlast,finally7.foronething,foranother8.Afterthat,withthat例句:1.Firstofall,don’tcomeinherewithoutateacher.首先,老师不在(办公室)时不能进来。2.Hethenfilledacupwithsomeofthepetrol,someofthecasteroilandsomeofthevinegar.Asthestudentswatchedhimquietly,hemixedthethreetogether.Afterthat,hehelduponeofhisfingersandshowedittotheclass.接着,他在一个杯子里注些汽油,调味油和一些醋。当学生们静静地注视着他的时候,他将这三种液体搅拌在一起。随后,他举起一根手指给全班同学看。3.First,itisnotagoodideatobuildhousesalongthelineswheretwooftheearth’splatesjointogether.Second,ifyouthinktheremaybeanearthquake,itisbettertobuildhousesonrocknotonsand.Third,youmustmakethehousesasstrongaspossible.首先,在地球两大板块连接处建房子可不是个好主意。第二,如果你认为这儿也许会发生地震,最好是把房子建在岩石上而非沙地上。第三,尽可能把房子建的牢固些。4.Tobeginwith,itisimportanttocreateapositiveattitude.首先,培养积极的态度很重要。5.Englishisausefullanguage.Foronething,itisanofficiallanguageintheUN.Then,itiswidelyusedinbusiness,scienceandtechnology.英语十分有用的语言。一方面它是联合国的官方语言之一,另一方面在商业科技领域应与运用很广泛。6.ckfII.递进过渡词(强调词类系)1.besidesindeed,moreover,furthermore,eveninaddition,aboveall,inaddition,2.what’smore,worsestill,tomakethingsworse,what’sworse,evenmoreimportant,moreremarkablestill,mostimportant3.atthesametime,notonlythat,例句:1.Neverwasteanything,butaboveallneverwastetime.任何东西都不可浪费,尤其不可浪费时间。2.Theywerebrave,andwhat’smore,theyhatedviolence.他们很勇敢,而且他们厌恶暴力。3.Itgotdark,andwhatwasworse,itbegantorain.天黑了,而更糟的是,开始下雨来。4.Idon’twanttogooutnow,Besides,I’mfeelingtired,我现在不想出去了,而且我还有点疲乏。5.What’smore,Iwanttoseeyourpass,too.除此以外,我还想看你的通行证。6.Atthesametime,BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishstartedborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages,endingupwithdifferentwords.同时,英式英语和美式英语开始互相借鉴词汇,最终只有部分词汇不一样。7.Furthermore,myaimistoprovidethebestservicepossibleunderthesedifficultcircumstances.此外,我的目标是在这样艰难的情况下尽可能提供更好的服务。8.Thehotelitselfcanaccommodate80guestsand,inaddition,thereareseveralself-cateringapartments.旅馆本身可以容纳80位客人,除此之外,还有几个可供自己做饭的套房。III.转折、对比过渡词1.although,though,while,however,yet,nevertheless,but,otherwise,2.inspiteofthat,forallthat,onthecontrary,incontrast,3.on(the)onehand,ontheotherhand,insteadof,4.comparedto(with)例句:1.However,mostofthetime,peoplefromthetwocountriesdonothaveanydifficultyinunderstandingeachother.但是,大部分时候,来自这两个国家的人们理解对方是不存在任何困难的。2.Whiletherearemanydifferentinterpretationsofourbodylanguage,somegesturesseemtobeuniversal.尽管对肢体语言的解释五花八门,但某些手势似乎是全球通用的。3.Itisprobablybetter,however,ifwespendourtimeandmoneyinbuyinggoodfoodandkeepingabalanceddiet.不过,如果我们把时间、金钱花费在选择健康食品和保持平衡饮食上,可能会更好。4.Insteadofeatingexpensivedietfoodorgoingonunhealthydiets,wecansimplytrytoeatlessfatandsugarandexercisemore.不需吃昂贵的食疗食品,或者进行不健康的节食,我们只需尽量少吃脂肪和糖,多运动。5.Onthecontrary,Inowfeelasifthatwaswhenmylifereallybegan.相反,我感觉我的生活好像从现在起才真正的开始。6.Franklin,ontheotherhand,givesthedetectiveasmuchassistanceashecan.另一方面,弗兰克林尽他所能给警探提供帮助。7.Shewasverytired,neverthelessshekeptonworking.她虽然很疲倦,可仍在继续工作。8.Inspiteofaslightimprovementinsales,thecompanyisstillmakingaloss.公司的销售情况虽然稍有改善,但还在亏本。9.Forallhisefforts,hedidn’tsucceed.他虽然很努力,但并没有成功。IV.原因与结果过渡词1.so,because,becauseof,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,for,2.asaresult,inconsequence,inturn,onaccount,forthesakeof,owingto,dueto,thanksto,3.toone’ssurprise/pleasure/astonishment/sorrow/amazement/joytoourregret.例句:1.Tohersurprise,shefoundherselfinadifferentworld.令她吃惊的是,她突然发现自己置身于另一个世界。2.Tohisamazement,thebeebegantoperformadanceonthehoneycomb.让他吃惊的事,蜜蜂开始在蜂巢上表演舞蹈。3.Somepeopleareover-ambitious.Asaresult,theyareusuallyunhappy.一些人过于野心勃勃,结果他们通常并不快乐4.Thereforeadvertising,insteadofmakingaproductmoreexpensive,oftenmakesitcheaper.(SB3,5)因此,广告并没有使一件商品变得更贵反而使之更便宜些。5.Inconsequence,somestudentsthinkthatlearningaforeignlanguagemuchfasterthanwedoourmothertongue.(SB3,8)结果一些学生认为学一门外语比我们学母语更快些。6.Inmyopinion,moneyisn’teverything.依我看钱不是一切。V.等同过渡词1.thatis,thatistosay,ie2.similarly,inotherwords,namely,equally,inthesameway,inaword,例句:1.HewillleaveforNewYorknex