英语词汇学 Unit_01 Introduction to lexicology

EnglishLexicologyIntroductionReferences[1]林福炎.现代英语词汇学[M].安徽教育出版社,1985[2]王文斌.英语词汇文学[M].浙江教育出版社,2001.[3]陆国强.现代英语词汇[M].上海外语教育出版社,1999.[4]秦秀白.英语简史[M].湖南教育出版社，1983.[5]汪榕培.英语词汇学研究[M].上海外语出版社,2000.[6]汪榕培、卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,1997.[7]张维友.英语词汇学教程[M].华中师范大学出版社,1997.lexicology0.INTRODUCTIONWhatislexicology?Whatisaword?Whatdoesitmeantoknowaword?HowmanywordsarethereinEnglish?HowmanyofthesewordsdoIknow?AimsStudy:structures,meaningsandmeaningrelations,Examine:situationanditsdevelopmentConsider:howtoanalyzeandexplaintheproblemsrelatedtowordsOutline:learningstrategieslexicologyGeekmorphemes:Lexi-meaning---‘word,phrase’lexicos---‘havingtodowithwords’or‘forwords’logos---notes‘adepartmentofknowledge’.‘vocabulary’,‘lexis’,‘lexicon’‘dictionary’1.IntroductiontoEnglishLexicology1.1.1Whatisaword?1.1.2Lexis/lexicalitem/lexicalunit/lexiconLexeme/lemma1.1.3Whatisvocabulary?1.1.4Whatislexicology?1.1.1ADefinitionofaWordAwordisasoundorcombinationofsoundsformingaunitofthegrammarorvocabularyofalanguage.(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish:OALDCE)Awordisoneormoresoundswhichcanbespoken(together)torepresentanidea,object,action.(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish:LDCE)(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.SoundandMeaningtworivalschoolsofthought:theNaturalists(自然派)theConventionalists(惯例派)1)theNaturalists(自然派)maintainthatthereisanaturalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaninganintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsense.inonomatopoeiatalkingbyiconicsignstoimitatethesounds2）theConventionalists(惯例派)Relationsareconventionalandarbitrary，nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaning.akindoflinguisticsocialcontrast(一种社会契约）e.g.dog,desk,chairNotbecausethesoundandthreelettersthatmakeupthewordautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.Itisonlyasymbolicconnection.thesamephonologicalformmayconveydifferentmeaning:e.g.meet,meat,meteKnight,nightAwordisasymbolthatstandsoutforsthelseintheworld.nologicalrelationship,differentlanguages,sameconcept,thesamephonologicalformmayconveydifferentmeaning:e.g.Whatisinaname?Thatwhichwecallarose.Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet（香气馥郁）。e.g.woman,femme,fÙnÛthesamemeaninghavedifferentphonologicalformsindifferentlanguagesdifferentlanguagessameconceptThewrittenformofanaturelanguageistheorthographicalrecordoftheoralform.Soundshouldbeconsistentwiththeform.ClassificationofwordsIntermsoforigin,nativewords&borrowedwords;Intermsofmeaningandfunction,notionalwords&functionalwordsIntermsofusefrequency,basicwordstock&non-basicvocabulary*Therearealargeportionofthevocabularythatdoesnotbelongtothecommoncore,suchasterminology,jargon,slang,argot,neologism,literarywords.nonbasicvocabulary:terminology(专业术语),jargon行话),slang,(俚语)argot(黑话),dialectal(方言)terminology:photoscanning（扫描）,penicillin（盘尼西林）,algebra（代数）jargon:bottomline（必然结果）,bargainingchip谈判各方的优势slang:grassandpot（毒品大麻）,smoky,bear(police)，X-rays(radar)argot:can-opener(all-purposekey),dip(pick-pocket)dialectal:auld(Scot=old),coo(Scot=cow)1.1.2.Lexis/lexicon/lexeme词项是词典的组成单位，包含词的读音、词性、词义，语义特征和句法特征等.Lexisisusedinterchangeablywithvocabulary;Whenwerefertoanindividualword,wemayusevocabularyitem,lexicalitem,orlexicalunit;Lexiconcanbeamoretechnicalversionoflexis,sometimesitisusedsynonymouslywiththeworddictionary;Lexeme,likephoneme,morpheme,isrealizedbyasetofconcreteforms;Lemma,headwordorentrywordindictionaries.1.1.3VocabularyVocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage.词项---词—词汇----词汇学Speakingvocabulary----activevocabularywritingvocabulary------activevocabularyreadingvocabulary------passivevocabularyguessvocabulary--------passivevocabulary1.1.3.1SizeoftheEnglishvocabularyawiderange:from400,000to600,000words(Claiborne,1983,p.5)ahalfmilliontoover2million(Crystal,1988.p.32)aboutImillion(Nurnberg&Rosenbium,1977,P.11)200.000wordsincommonuseaddingtechnicalandscientifictermsstretchthetotalintothemillions(Bryson,1990).1.1.3.2Howmanywordsdonativespeakersknow?Englishnative-speakinguniversitygraduateswillhaveavocabularysizeofabout20,000wordfamilies[English]nativespeakerswilladdroughly1.000wordfamiliesayeartotheirvocabularysize.fiveyearoldbeginningschoolwillhaveavocabularyofaround4.000to5,000wordfamilies.a20-year-olduniversitystudenthaving20,000wordfamilies.Awordfamily:isusuallyheldtoincludethebaseword,allofitsinflections,anditscommonderivatives.1.1.3.3Thecomplexnatureofvocabularytypesofwordknowledge:themeaning(s)ofthewordthewrittenformofthewordthespokenformofthewordthegrammaticalbehaviorofthewordthecollocationsofthewordtheregisterofthewordtheassociationsofthewordthefrequencyoftheword1.1.4LexicologyLexicologyisthepartoflinguistics,dealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage.Goodknowledgeofthedescriptionofthevocabulary,rulesofword-formation,originandhistoryofwordshelpstoguessandrememberthemeaningofnew-learnedwords,tomasterthestandardsoftheir