英语词汇学_Unit_02_Word_fromation_1

EnglishLexicologyUnit2WordFormation(1)ContentsBasicsofmorphologyMaintypesofWordbuildingAffixationCompoundingConversionBasicsofmorphologyMorphemeMorpheme,Morph,AllomorphComplementarydistributionClassificationofMorphemesRoot,stems&affixesBound/root,morphemesInflectionalandDerivationalMorphemesSumMorphemeThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(lexicalandgrammaticalmeaning)Amorphememusthaveameaning,anditisthesmallestunitofmeaning(thesmallestsound-meaningunionwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedintosmallerunits)MorphemeThewordladycanbedividedintotwosyllables(la.dy),butitconsistsofjustonemorpheme,becauseasyllablehasnothingtodowithmeaning.Theworddisagreeablecanbedividedintofivesyllables(dis.a.gree.a.ble),butitconsistsofonlythreemorphemes(dis+agree+able).Thewordbookscontainsonlyonesyllable,butitconsistsoftwomorphemes(book+s)(Notice:themorpheme–shasagrammaticalmeaning[Plural])books/-s/pigs/-z/boxes/-iz/Amorphisaphysicalformrepresentingacertainmorphemeinalanguage.Sometimesdifferentmorphsmayrepresentthesamemorpheme;i.e.,amorphememaytakedifferentforms.Ifso,theyarecalledallomorphsofthatmorpheme.Morpheme,Morph,Allomorphtwodifferentspellingforms，andthreedifferentphonologicalforms,butthesedifferentformsrepresentthesamegrammaticalmeaning[Plural])ComplementaryDistributionAllomorphsaremorphsincomplementarydistribution;i.e.theyareneverfoundinidenticalcontexts.Thechoiceofallomorphusedinagivencontextisnormallybasedonthepropertiesoftheneighboringsounds.Example:Thethirdpersonsingularverbsuffixandthepluralnominalsuffix–sinEnglish[s][z][iz]morphememorphmorphmorphPLURALComplementaryDistributionmorphemenegativemorphemein-morph1:immorph2:inmorph3:inimpossibleindecentincomplete[imp---][ind---][iŋk---]bilabialstopvelarnasalalveolarstopbilabialnasalalveolarstopvelarstopClassificationofMorphemesMorphemescanbeclassifiedinvariousways.freeorboundrootoraffixinflectionalorderivationalFreeandBoundMorphemesWecandividereaderintoreadand–er.However,wecannotsplitreadintosmallermorphemes.Thismeansthatthewordreadisitselfasinglemorpheme.Amorphemewhichcanstandaloneasawordiscalledafreemorpheme.Bycontrast,-erhastocombinewithothermorphemes.Soitisaboundmorpheme.naturenaturalnaturalistnaturalisticnaturalismunnaturalStem/base:rootplusaffixes;astemisalsocalledabase.affixes:boundmorphemeswhichattachtorootsorstems.Root:thebasicmorphemewhichprovidesthecentralmeaninginawordsimplewordComplexWordnature+al=naturalun+nature+al=unnaturalRoot,stems&affixesrootaffixStem/basecomplexwordStem/baseaffix....nature-al-istaffixRoot,stems&affixesboundroot,morphemes-ceive:receive;perceive;conceive;deceive-mit:permit;commit;transmit;admit;remit;submitAllmophemesareboundorfree.Affixesareboundmorphemes.Rootmorphemes,canbeboundorfree.FreeBoundRootdog,cat,run,school…(per)ceive,(re)mit,(homo)geneous,…Affix(friend)ship,re(do),(sad)ly…ceivewasonceawordinLatin‘totake’,butinModernEnglish,itisnolongeraword,soitisnotafreemorpheme.Exampleofboundrootrevivevitaminvitalvivaciousvividviv-id:havingthequalityoflifere-vive:toliveagain,tobringbacktolifevit-amin:lifemedicineLatinrootviv-/vit-meaning“life”or“tolive”.vit-al:fulloflifeviv-acious:fulloflifeInflectionalandDerivationalMorphemesAffixescanbedividedintoinflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemes.Thisreflectstwomajormorphological(wordbuilding)processes:DerivationInflectionHelpstomakenewlexicalwordsHelpsto‘wrap’lexicalwordsforvariousgrammaticalfunctionsInflectionalMorphemesInflectionalmorphemesdonotchangegrammaticalcategoryofthebasetowhichtheyareattached.Theydonotchangethemeaningofthebase.Theyonlycarryrelevantgrammaticalinformation,e.g.plural.Thus,bookandbooksarebothnounsreferringtothesamekindofentity.Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandfixed.NOnewoneshavebeenaddedsince1500.ExamplesofInflectionalAffixesSuffixStemFunctionExample-sNpluralbook-s-sV3rdsingularpresenttensesleep-s-edVpasttensewalk-ed-ingVprogressivewalk-ing-erAdjcomparativetall-er-estAdjsuperlativetall-estDerivationalMorphemesDerivationalmorphemesformnewwordseitherbychangingthemeaningofthebasetowhichtheyareattachedkind~unkind;obey~disobeyaccurate~inaccurate;act~reactcigar~cigarette;book~bookletorbychangingthegrammaticalcategory(partofspeech)ofthebasekind~kindly;act~active~activityable~enable;damp~dampencare~careful;dark~darknessExamplesofDerivationalAffixesPrefixGrammaticalcategoryofbaseGrammaticalcategoryofoutputExamplein-AdjAdjinaccurateun-AdjAdjunkindun-VVuntiedis-VVdis-likedis-AdjAdjdishonestre-VVrewriteex-NNex-wifeen-NVencourageSuffixGrammaticalcategoryofbaseGrammaticalcategoryofoutputExample-hoodNNchild-hood-shipNNleader-ship-fyNVbeauti-fy-icNAdjpoet-ic-lessNAdjpower-less-fulNAdjcare-ful-alVNrefus-al-erVNread-erSumWordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Amorphemeistheminimalmeaningfulunit,possessingbothsoundandmeaning.Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorpheme.Morphemescanbeclassifiedintofreemorphemesandboundmorphemes,rootsandaffixes,inflectionalandderivational.Theconceptofmorphemeisimportantinexplainingword-formationprocesses.InEnglishthemostcentralan