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1EnglishLexicologyDefinitionofLexicologyTheliteralmeaningoflexicologyisthe“scienceoftheword”.Itisabranchoflinguisticsdealingwiththevocabularyofagivenlanguage.VocabularyandwordThetermvocabularyreferstoallthewordsofagivenlanguage,whilethetermwordreferstothefundamentalunitofagivenlanguage,withsoundandmeaning(lexicalandgrammatical),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.Thedifferenceingrammaticalmeaningcanusuallycausethechangeofthelexicalmeaning.Exercise1)Hetoredownthehill.2)Threeenemyplanesweredownedthedaybeforeyesterday.3)Butmenobuts.4)TheproposalwasfatheredbyJohn.5)Einsteinfatheredrelativity.6)Theyareleaflettingtheoutgoingshopshift.7)Thedemonstratorsmarchedthroughthestreets,leaflettingandshoutingslogans.Chapter1WordFormation（1）WordformationhandlesrulesofhowtobuildanEnglishword.PatternsExampleaffixation(prefixation/suffixation)unhappy/teachercompoundingblackboardconversionButmenobuts.blendingChinglishshorteningadback-formationeditBackgroundInformationTheexpansionofvocabularyinEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.AccordingtopylesandAlgeo(1981),wordsproducedthroughaffixationconstitute30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords,compoundingyields28%to30%ofallthenewwords;conversionbrings26%ofthenewvocabularyintomodernEnglish.Therestofthenewwordscomefromshortening,numbering8%to10%,togetherwith1%to5%ofwordsbornoutofblendingandothermeans.AffixationAffixationisamethodofword-formationbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaffixestoroots.Itissubdividedintoprefixationandsuffixation.Prefixation:theformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestoroots.Suffixation:theformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestoroots.Prefixation:(1)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-1)ex-lover,ex-colony,ex-premier,ex-president2)Intheworldofcelebrities,theawkwardnesslevelbetweenBradPitt&ex-wifeJenniferAniston2hasseldombeenreached.AfterPitt’sallegedaffairwithsexbombAngelinaJolie,ariftoccurredbetweenPitt&Aniston.pre-1)Thereportconcludesbycontendingthatprovidingahigh-qualitypreschooleducationtoalllow-incomechildrenmakesgoodeconomicsense.2)Jupiterisapreconditionforlifeonearth.3)Somepeoplebelievethataperson’sdestinyispredetermined.fore-1)Forewordisashortintroductoryessayprecedingthetextofabook.2)SeveralofhisforefathersemigratedtoAmerica.他的几位祖先移居美国。3)IfI'dhadtheforethoughttobringmyraincoat,Iwouldn'thavegotwetinthestorm.我当初如果想到要带雨衣，便不会被暴风雨淋湿了。post-1)Postnataldepressionisadepressiveillnessthatoccursafterhavingababy.2)Thelackofpostwarplanningwasn'tmerelytheresultofincompetence.Itwasdeliberatepolicy.TherewasneveranyintentionofrebuildingIraq.Cf.Businessbouncedbacktoprewarlevels.商业回升到战前的水平。3)Findingsfrompublishedstudiessuggestthatthepostoperativerecoveryprocessismorepainful,slower,andmorecomplicatedinadultpatientswhohadhighlevelsofpreoperativeanxiety.4)U.S.PresidentBarackObamasaysitisuptothepeopleofIrantodeterminetheirnation'sfuture.Atthesametime,hesaysheistroubledbythepost-electionturmoilthereandwantstoseeanendtothebloodshed.re-1)ThereappointmentofBushisbadnewsforfreedomandgoodnewsfortyranny.2)Whentheyfindthattheirmarriagedoesnotpleaseandsatisfy,theydivorceandremarry.3)Ifhewereyou,hewouldreconsidermyproposal.他要是你，他会重新考虑我的建议。Summaryex-:formerfore-:beforepre-:beforepost-:afterre-:againSkillofmemorizingnewwords1)Theteacherwillmeethisclassat8o’clock.2)Theteacherwillmeethislassat8o’clock.3)Theteacherwillmeethisassat8o’clock.Class-lass-assChapter1WordFormation（2）ReviewPrefixesoftime&orderExampleex-exserviceman/exsoldierpre-Dinosaursareprehistoricanimals.fore-foretellthefuturepost-postdoctoralresearchre-postgraduatereexamination3Prefixation:(2)Negativeprefixa-/an-1)Atypicalpneumoniareferstopneumoniacausedbycertainbacteria.2)TheQueenisanapoliticalfigure.3)Hecontinuestohurtotherswithhisamoralbehaviour.cf.unmoral4)IbelievethatthereisnoGod,soIamanatheist.我不信仰上帝,所以我是一个无神论者。5)Itisunpleasanttoreceiveanonymousletters.Cf.---aletterfromananonym---anonymousarticleinamagazine6)Iflawandorderbreakdown,anarchywillresult.法治一垮,就会出现无政府状态.-archy:ruledis-1)disapprove,disadvantage,disobedient,dishonest,disorder2)Hisconductdisagreeswithhiswords.他言行不一。3)disusetheoriginalcomplexformofChinesecharacters不用繁体字4)Thatmethodfellintodisuse.那种方法已废除不用。5)Theviewsbetweenusarediscordant.Cf.---Whathasbroughtdiscordintothefamily?什么事使得这个家庭不和？---Hiswordsareinaccordwithhisideas.他心口一致。non-1)non-standardpronunciation2)Nonviolentresistanceisthepracticeofachievingsocio-politicalgoalsthroughsymbolicprotests,civildisobedience,economicorpoliticalnoncooperation,andothermethods,withoutusingviolence.3)nonsense,non-existencein-/im-/ir-/il-1)Abouthalfthepopulationinthecountryisstill-literate.2)Thekeytobeing-resistibletomenismoreaboutyouandlessaboutthem.3)Theencyclopediaprovidesacomprehensivesurveyof-formaleducationandlifelonglearning.4)GivenChina'slonghistory,thenewgender-balanceissomethingrecent.Key:illiterateirresistibleinformalimbalanceTheusageofin-&im-•moral,mature,measurable•patient,partial,passable•balanced•accurate,capability,feasible,quietSummarya-,an-dis-not,withoutnon-4in-/im-/il-/ir-u