INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUSCopyright©2011byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinCHAPTER11TheEfficientMarketHypothesis有效市场假说INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-2•MauriceKendall(1953)foundnopredictablepatterninstockprices.股票价格中没有可预测的模式•Pricesareaslikelytogoupastogodownonanyparticularday.任一一天中上涨和下跌的可能性都相同•Howdoweexplainrandomstockpricechanges?如何解释股票的随机变动?•难道市场价格是没有任何意义的吗?EfficientMarketHypothesis(EMH)有效市场假说INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-3EfficientMarketHypothesis(EMH)有效市场假说•EMHsaysstockpricesalreadyreflectallavailableinformation有效市场假说任务股票的市场价格已经反映了所有可用的信息•Aforecastaboutfavorablefutureperformanceleadstofavorablecurrentperformance,asmarketparticipantsrushtotradeonnewinformation.未来的好消息一定会使投资者蜂拥而至造成现在股价上涨–Result:Priceschangeuntilexpectedreturnsareexactlycommensuratewithrisk.结果就造成了股票价格的变换模式只能是:获得的收益是不可预期风险的补偿,其余的收益都会被套利活动拿走INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-4EfficientMarketHypothesis(EMH)有效市场假说•Newinformationisunpredictable;ifitcouldbepredicted,thenthepredictionwouldbepartoftoday’sinformation.新的信息是不可预测的,如果是可预测的信息马上就会带来股价变动从而成为了今天的信息•Stockpricesthatchangeinresponsetonew(unpredictable)informationalsomustmoveunpredictably.因此,第二天的股票价格变动一定反应了今天所无法预知的信息,因为今天每一点每一滴能够预知和使用的信息都会反映在今天的价格变动中•Stockpricechangesfollowarandomwalk.这种完全没有办法预测的未来运动模式成为随机漫步INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-5Figure11.1CumulativeAbnormalReturnsBeforeTakeoverAttempts:TargetCompanies目标公司接管前累计的异常收益:只是宣布消息的那天会有异常变动INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-6Figure11.2StockPriceReactiontoCNBCReports市场价格对CNBC报道的反应INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-7•Information:ThemostpreciouscommodityonWallStreet信息是华尔街最宝贵的商品–Strongcompetitionassurespricesreflectinformation.强有力的竞争保证股票价格能够反映有效信息–Information-gatheringismotivatedbydesireforhigherinvestmentreturns.信息收集是由追求更高投资收益所驱动的–Themarginalreturnonresearchactivitymaybesosmallthatonlymanagersofthelargestportfolioswillfindthemworthpursuing.竞争太激烈以至于额外收益太低,只有大规模的基金管理人才会有动机去做研究分析等EMHandCompetition有效市场假说与竞争INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-8•Weak弱式假说认为市场的股票历史价格、成交量等市场公开信息已经无用,都已反映在目前的股票价格里;•Semi-strong半强式假说任何公司财务信息、预期、以及一切公开可得的信息都已无用,反映在当前股票价格里;•Strong强式假说认为任何信息都已反映在股票价格信息里,包括内幕消息VersionsoftheEMH有效市场假说的不同版本INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-9•TechnicalAnalysis-usingpricesandvolumeinformationtopredictfutureprices技术分析是利用股票价格、成交量等信息预测未来价格走势–Successdependsonasluggishresponseofstockpricestofundamentalsupply-and-demandfactors.这类分析成功的关键因素是股价本身对供求因素反应迟钝,有投机空间;–Weakformefficiency弱式有效•Relativestrength相对强势的方法:情绪指标•Resistancelevels阻力水平:均线指标•在弱式有效假说下,技术分析无效TypesofStockAnalysis股票分析的类型INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-10TypesofStockAnalysis股票分析的类型•FundamentalAnalysis-usingeconomicandaccountinginformationtopredictstockprices基本面分析利用经济或财务信息来预测价格未来走势–Trytofindfirmsthatarebetterthaneveryoneelse’sestimate.试图寻找被低估的公司–Trytofindpoorlyrunfirmsthatarenotasbadasthemarketthinks.试图寻找不像市场想象的那么差的公司–Semistrongformefficiencyandfundamentalanalysis在半强式假说下基本面分析无效INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-11•ActiveManagement积极管理–Anexpensivestrategy比较贵的策略–Suitableonlyforverylargeportfolios只适合于非常大的组合•PassiveManagement:Noattempttooutsmartthemarket被动管理不试图超越市场表现–AcceptEMH接受市场有效假说–IndexFundsandETFs指数基金和交易所基金–Verylowcosts成本费用低ActiveorPassiveManagement积极与被动管理INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-12Evenifthemarketisefficientaroleexistsforportfoliomanagement:即使在完全有效的市场中理性管理还是必要的•Diversification分散化投资•Appropriaterisklevel适当的风险水平•Taxconsiderations避税策略的考虑MarketEfficiency&PortfolioManagement市场有效与组合管理INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-13ResourceAllocation资源分配•Ifmarketswereinefficient,resourceswouldbesystematicallymisallocated.如果市场是无效的,那么资源的分配就有系统性的错误–Firmwithovervaluedsecuritiescanraisecapitaltoocheaply.定价太高的公司能以过于便宜的价格融资–Firmwithundervaluedsecuritiesmayhavetopassupprofitableopportunitiesbecausecostofcapitalistoohigh.低估的公司得不到合适的投资机会因为融资成本太高–Efficientmarket≠perfectforesightmarket有效市场不等于完美的市场INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-14•Empiricalfinancialresearchenablesustoassesstheimpactofaparticulareventonafirm’sstockprice.可以让我们看到某一特殊事件对公司股票价格影响的金融实证研究,比如某个重要的董事会成员下课•Theabnormalreturnduetotheeventisthedifferencebetweenthestock’sactualreturnandaproxyforthestock’sreturnintheabsenceoftheevent.事件所产生的异常收益估计了股票的实际收益与没有发生该事件的基准收益之差EventStudies事件研究INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-15Returnsareadjustedtodetermineiftheyareabnormal.仔细校正收益以决定它们是否异常MarketModelapproach:市场模型a.rt=a+brmt+et(ExpectedReturn)期望收益b.ExcessReturn=(Actual-Expected)et=rt-(a+brMt)超额(异常)收益的估计值是否不为零的检测很重要HowTestsAreStructured测试是如何构建的INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-16•MagnitudeIssue规模问题–Onlymanagersoflargeportfolioscanearnenoughtradingprofitstomaketheexploitationofminormispricingworththeeffort.只有大型投资组合的经理才能从微小的定价错误中获利•SelectionBiasIssue选择偏见问题–Onlyunsuccessfulinvestmentschemesaremadepublic;goodschemesremainprivate.只有失败的投资计划才会公布于众,杰出的投资计划总是非常重要并被仔细保管的商业秘密•LuckyEventIssue幸运事件问题:好运气和好技术可以产生同样的结果,如何甄别好的投资绩效背后的原因?AreMarketsEfficient?市场是有效的吗?INVESTMENTS|BODIE,KANE,MARCUS11-17Weak-FormTests弱式有效检验•ReturnsovertheShortHorizon短期收益有正相关特征–Momentum:Goodorbadrecentperformancecontinuesovershorttointermediatetimehorizons动量效应:在短期内股票的上涨或下跌趋势延续不改•ReturnsoverLongHorizons长期收益有负相关特征–E