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11.TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface，thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans，insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace．(定语后置insomeways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。分句1：Totallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressures分句2：hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface分句3：thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans分句4：insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intensepressures，分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的ahostileenvironmenttohumans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2.BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth．(倒装结构Basictoanyunderstanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。分句1：BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar分句2：is分句3：thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是Thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowthisbasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar．本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.3.Asaresult，claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore．(同位语从句claimsthat…)结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。2分句1：thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth分句2：claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore分句2嵌套分句1，分句1作为分句2主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore.那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康4.Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones，thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs，thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike．(并列同位语从句reportsthat…，that…，that…)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。分句1：Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreports分句2：naturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones分句3：thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs分句4：thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。5·ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth，thoughlessspectacularly．(同位语从句factthat…)南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。分句1.ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefact分句2.reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth分句3.thoughlessspectacularly（省略）1和2嵌套1和3并列6·Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl．(宾语从句whatwenowknowas)3现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。分句1：Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueled分句2：whatwenowknowasurbansprawl分句1嵌套分句2，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是Thenewaccessibilityoflandsparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledurbansprawl。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为促使、造成。7.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth．(Of结构作定语：ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaurs…)但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。分句1：Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestion分句2：ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth分句1嵌套分句2.分句2是Of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容。8.Amidrumorsthattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregionandthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent，thetwocaptainssetout．(同位语从句rumorsthat…)当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。分句1：Amidrumors分句2：thattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregion分句3：andthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent分句4：thetwocaptainssetout分句1和分句4构成倒装，正常的语序应该是分句4+分句1，即thetwocaptainssetoutAmidrumors。分句1嵌套分句2和分句3，分句2和分句3是修饰分句1的rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容。分句2和分句3构成并列关系。9.Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord，andtheharpsichordbecamethechief4instrumentsofthekeyboardgroup，asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury．(同位语asupremacy)17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。分句1：Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord，andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup，分句2：asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury分句2是分句1的同位语从句，用来修饰说明分句1中的thechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup10.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,