Epigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC表观遗传学第三章组蛋白修饰生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCDNAPackingr1.如何将10,000公里长的蚕丝(半径~10-5米)装入一个篮球中。r2.蚕丝的体积:3.14*10-3m3r3.折叠、缠绕…生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC染色体上不同的区域rEuchromatin:常染色质;rHeterochromatin:异染色质rE-H或H-称为染色质重塑(ChromatinRemodeling)r分子机理:DNA甲基化,组蛋白修饰,染色质重塑复合物的协同作用。生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物om常染色质与异染色质r1.常染色质:基因表达活跃的区域,染色体结构较为疏松r2.异染色质:基因表达沉默的区域,染色体结构致密核小体常染色质Epigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC异染色质生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC组蛋白与核小体生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCHistonevariants生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC组蛋白修饰生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC组蛋白修饰(2)生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC主要的功能基团rAcetylrMethylrPhosphorylrUbiquitin生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigeneticdifferences:monozygotictwins5mCH4乙酰化Epigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCH3乙酰化生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC组蛋白共价修饰的功能r基因转录、DNA损伤修复、DNA复制、染色体凝聚等生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物om内容纲要rrrrr一、组蛋白的乙酰化二、组蛋白的甲基化三、组蛋白的磷酸化四、组蛋白的泛素化五、组蛋白的SUMO化r六、组蛋白密码Epigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC一、组蛋白的乙酰化r1.通常发生在蛋白质的赖氨酸(K)上;r2.可逆的生化反应:|A.Histoneacetyltransferase,HAT(30)|B.Histonedeacetylase,HDAC(18)r3.分子效应:中和赖氨酸上的正电荷,增加组蛋白与DNA的排斥力r4.生物学功能:|A.基因转录活化|B.DNA损伤修复生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC组蛋白的乙酰化r中和赖氨酸的正电荷,C=O具有一定的负电,能够增加与DNA的斥力,使得DNA结构变得疏松,从而导致基因的转录活化生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCHATs:转乙酰基酶生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omGcn5/PCAF&p300/CBPGcn5/PCAFp300/CBPBr,bromodomain;Nr,nuclearreceptor-interactingbox;CH,cysteine/histidine-richmodule;KIX,phospho-CREBinteractingmodule;Q,glutamine-richdomain.具有保守的HAT结构域Epigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCBromodomainr1.Anacetyl-lysinebindingdomainr2.HATs修饰底物之后可能与底物上的乙酰化赖氨酸结合生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omHATs:MYST(MOZ-Ybf2/Sas3-Sas2-TIP60)Chromo,chromodomain;Ser,serine-richdomain;CH,cysteine/histidine-richmotif;H15,linkerhistonesH1-andH5-likedomain;NEMM,N-terminalpartofEnok,MOZorMORF;PHD,PHDzincfinger;ED,glutamate/aspartate-richregion;SM,serine/methionine-richdomainEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC具有保守的MYST结构域生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCHAT识别底物的分子机制rA.‘hit-and-run’model;rB.&C.attract-and-hit’modelsrD.‘targetedaction’modelrE.‘relay’model:两个HAT先后修饰底物rF.HIVTatK50被p300修饰后,招募PCAF,再激活特定基因。(Bromodomain)生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC人类IFN-β基因的激活A.DNAcode:序列模体、甲基化模式B.GCN5结合到启动子/增强子上C.修饰H4K8和H3K9D.H3S10被RSK-2磷酸化,促使GCN5修饰H3K14E.SWI/SNF的BRG1特异性识别H4K8;TFIID的TAFII250识别H3K9和H3K14,从而激活IFN-β生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC蛋白质乙酰化调控基因转录rA.乙酰化转录因子,使之与DNA结合能力增强;rB.转录因子活化的结构域招募HATs复合物;rC.HAT复合物乙酰化组蛋白,打开染色质;rD.转录激活;rE.HAT复合物中的共激活子也被乙酰化修饰;rF.HAT复合物乙酰化之后离开,转录活性削弱。生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC组蛋白乙酰化:DNArepairr1.DNA损伤修复:|A.Homologousrecombination(HR)|B.Nonhomologousend-joining(NHEJ)rA.完整的DNA序列;rB.双链断裂;rC.NHEJ因子:(D)修复因子与(E)染色质重塑因子;rF.染色质重塑的构型,(G)增大NHEJ局部浓度;rH.直至修复生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCHDACsr1.ClassI:HDAC1,HDAC2,HDAC3,HDAC8(定位于细胞核)r2.ClassII:HDAC4,HDAC5,HDAC6,HDAC7A,HDAC9,HDAC10(能够在细胞核与胞质间转运)r3.ClassIII:Sirtuins(SIRT1,SIRT2,SIRT3,SIRT4,SIRT5,SIRT6,SIRT7)r4.ClassIV:HDAC11生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCClassicalHDACs生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCHDAC复合物生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCSirtuinsr1.NAD-dependentproteindeacetylaser2.NAD:烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸r3.ADP-ribosyl-transferase生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCSirtuinsr割裂NAD,释放nicotinamide(烟碱)生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCSirtuins:吃的少,活得长rcaloricrestriction(CR):延缓随年龄增大易发生的疾病和癌症,并显著延长寿命rCR:AL小鼠60%的食物:引起SIRT1蛋白质表达量增加细胞中转入Bax或Bax-Ku70复合物使得细胞凋亡率增加?生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omBax促使细胞凋亡r1.Ku70与Bax结合;r2.受到信号的刺激,Ku70被乙酰化,释放Bax;r3.游离Bax穿入线粒体,引起细胞凋亡BaxEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCKu70乙酰化在线粒体上打洞,促使凋亡Bax生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCSIRT1:减弱Bax的细胞凋亡能力Ku70的K539&K542被SIRT1去乙酰化生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omBaxEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCKu70乙酰化在线粒体上打洞,促使凋亡BaxSIRT1SIRT1生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC乙酰化与去乙酰化r转录因子招募HDAC抑制基因表达;r招募HAT复合物激活基因表达。生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCHDACInhibitorr1.主要针对ClassicalHDACs;r2.激活保护性基因的表达r3.抗肿瘤新药生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物om二、组蛋白的甲基化r1.主要发生在赖氨酸(K)或精氨酸(R)上;r2.Long-term;r3.HKMTs(histonelysinemethyltransferases)vs.PRMTs(proteinargininemethyltransferases)r4.可逆的生化反应?r5.分子效应:增加赖氨酸上的疏水力r6.生物学功能:||||A.基因转录活化B.基因转录沉默C.X染色体失活D.异染色质致密状态(heterochromatincompaction)Epigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTC精氨酸和赖氨酸甲基化的过程生物w秀w-专w.b心bi做oo生.c物omEpigenetics,2008-2009,Semester1,USTCLysineMet