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DesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesigINSDDesignBINSDesignByINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUTDesignByFengYongYongINSDUT无氧乳酸乙醛乙醇乳酸脱氢酶NADH+H+NAD+NADH+H+NAD+乙醇脱氢酶(主要肝脏)细胞液中胆固醇合成丙酮酸的氧化脱羧(细胞质)(线粒体)糖异生（线粒体内)内质网中胆固醇合成酮体的利用﹃肝外利用﹄尿素循环(线粒体)尿素循环(胞液)(光呼吸)(叶绿体基质)(过氧化物酶体)(线粒体)嘌呤代谢氧化脱氨基糖原合成嘧啶合成酮体酮体的生成(肝脏)磷酸戊糖(PPP)(细胞质)光合作用-卡尔文循环(叶绿体基质)H2C-COOHH-C-COOHHO-CH-COOHH2C-COOHHO-C-COOHH-CH-COOHH2C-COOHC-COOHH-C-COOHH2C-COOHO=C-COOHH2C-COOHHO-C-COOHHH2C-COOHCH2O=C-COOHH2C-COOHO=C-COOHCHNH2COOH(CH2)2COOHCHNH2COOHCH2COOH1,3-二磷酸甘油酸3-磷酸甘油酸2-磷酸甘油酸磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸3-磷酸甘油酸激酶磷酸甘油酸变位酶烯醇化酶ADPATPH2O葡萄糖6-磷酸葡萄糖6-磷酸果糖1,6-二磷酸果糖磷酸二羟丙酮3-磷酸甘油醛已糖激酶磷酸已糖异构酶磷酸果糖激酶醛缩酶磷酸丙糖异构酶3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶ATPADPATPADPNAD+NADHH+Pi糖原1-磷酸葡萄糖磷酸葡萄糖变位酶丙酮酸烯醇式丙酮酸丙酮酸激酶ATPADP乙酰~CoA有氧磷酸化酶UDP-葡萄糖1-磷酸葡萄糖UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶UTPPPi糖原合酶(限速酶)UDP限速酶(光反应)循环式光合磷酸化类囊体膜(类囊体腔)(叶绿体基质)乙醛酸异柠檬酸裂合酶苹果酸合酶乙酰-CoACoACHOCOOH+H2O果糖二磷酸酯酶-1葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶+H2O草酰乙酸（PEP）ATPADP丙酮酸羧化酶PEP羧激酶GTPGDPCO2CO2脂肪酸R-CH2-CH2-COO-脂酰CoAR-CH2-CH2-CO-S-CoAα，β-烯酰CoAR-CH=CH-CO-S-CoAβ-羟脂酰CoAR-CHOH-CH2-CO-S-CoAβ-酮脂酰CoAR-CO-CH2-CO-S-CoA少了2个碳的脂酰CoAR-CO-S-CoACoA-SHH+ATPAMP+PPiFADFADH2H2ONAD+NADH+H+CoA-SH乙酰-CoA硫激酶脂酰CoA脱氢酶α，β-烯酰CoA水化酶β-羟脂酰CoA脱氢酶β-酮脂酰CoA硫解酶乙酰CoACH3CO~SCoA丙二酸单酰CoA（丙二酰CoA）HOOC-CH2CO~SCoA生物素CO2ATPADP乙酰CoA羧化酶丙二酰-ACP-OOC-CH2CO-S-ACPHS-ACP丙二酰转移酶(MT)乙酰-ACPCH3CO-S-ACP乙酰转移酶(AT)HS-ACPβ-酮丁酰-ACPCH3-CO-CH2-S-CO-ACP乙酰合酶CH3-CO-S-合酶HS-合酶HS-ACPHS-合酶+CO2β-酮丁酰-ACP合酶NADP+NADPH+H+β-酮丁酰-ACP还原酶H2Oβ-羟丁酰-ACP脱水酶β-羟丁酰-ACPCH3-CHOH-CH2-CO-S-ACPα,β-烯丁酰-ACPCH3-CH=CH-CO-S-ACPNADP+NADPH+H+α,β-烯丁酰-ACP还原酶丁酰-ACPCH3-CH2-CH2-CO-S-ACP脂肪甘油脂肪酸3-磷酸甘油甘油激酶磷酸甘油脱氢酶ADPATPNADH+H+NAD+6-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯6-磷酸葡萄糖酸5-磷酸核酮糖5-磷酸木酮糖5-磷酸核糖3-磷酸甘油醛7-磷酸景天糖4-磷酸赤藓糖6-磷酸果糖6-磷酸果糖3-磷酸甘油醛6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶限速酶，对NADP+有高度特异性NADP+NADPH+H+内酯酶6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶CO2异构酶表异构酶（差向酶）转酮醇酶转醛醇酶转酮醇酶H2ONADP+NADPH+H+CH2OHC=OH-C-OHH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2CHOH-C-OHH-C-OHH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2CH2OHC=OHO-C-HH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2CH2OHC=OHO-C-HH-C-OHH-C-OHH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2CH2OHC=OHO-C-HH-C-OHH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2OHH2C=C-COOHCHOH-C-OHH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2CHOH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2COOHH-C-OHHO-C-HH-C-OHH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2C=OH-C-OHOHO-C-HH-C-OHH-CCH2OPO3H2CHOH-C-OHCH2OPO3H2OC-OHOHC----O~P+=OCH2OHCOOHC=OCH3H2C-COOHH2C-COOHH2C-COOHCH2O=C~SCoAH2C-COOHCH2O=C-COOHH2C-COOHHC-COOHO=C-COOHHOOC-CHHC-COOHCH2OHOHHHHOOHOHHHOHCH2OPO32-OHHHHOOHOHHHOH2-O3POCH2CH2OHHOHOHOHOHH2-O3POCH2CH2OPO32-HOHOHOHOHH⑥5-磷酸核酮糖⑥1,5-二磷酸核酮糖3-磷酸甘油酸1,3-二磷酸甘油酸⑩3-磷酸甘油醛磷酸二羟丙酮12121212ADP12ATP⑥CO2+H2O(C1)12NADP+12NADPH12Pi6ATP6ADP4Pi②3-磷酸甘油醛(1)经糖酵解产生能量(2)用于合成淀粉或其他糖第一阶段CO2固定第二阶段（还原）第三阶段(受体再生)类似ppp途径柠檬酸顺乌头酸异柠檬酸[草酰琥珀酸]α-酮戊二酸琥珀酰-CoA琥珀酸延胡索酸苹果酸草酰乙酸苹果酸脱氢酶柠檬酸合酶乌头酸酶乌头酸酶异柠檬酸脱氢酶α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系琥珀酰-CoA合成酶琥珀酸脱氢酶延胡索酸酶NAD+NADH+H+CO2CO2GTPFADH2H2ONADH+H+NADH+H+NAD+NAD+2CH3COSCoA乙酰~CoACH3COCH2COSCoA乙酰乙酰CoAHOOC-CH2-C-CH2-COSCoAOH羟甲基戊二酸单酰CoA（HMGCoA）CH3COCH2COOH乙酰乙酸CH3CHOHCH2COOHβ--羟丁酸CH3COCH3丙酮CH3硫解酶CoASHHMGCoA合成酶CH3COSCoACoASHHMGCoA裂解酶脱氢酶脱羧酶NADH+H+NADH+CO2琥珀酰CoA转硫酶琥珀酰CoA琥珀酸HSCoA+ATPAMP+PPi乙酰乙酸硫激酶心、肾、脑细胞心、肾、脑、骨骼肌细胞硫解酶MGRCOOHRCO~SCoACH2OCOR1R2CO-O-CHCH2OHCH2OHR2CO-O-CHCH2OHCH2OCOR1R2CO-O-CHCH2OCOR3甘油一酯酰转移酶甘油二酯酰转移酶脂酰CoA合成酶CoA~SHCoA~SHRCO~SCoADGTGCH2-O-C-R1R2CO-O-CHOCH2-O-P-O-XO-O磷脂酶A1磷脂酶C磷脂酶DHOOC-CH2-C-CH2-CH2OHOH甲羟戊酸(MVA)CH32NADPH+2H+2NADP+CoA~SHHMG-CoA还原酶(关键酶)CH3CH3H3CHOH3CH3CHOOC-CH2-C-CH2-CH2O-P-O-OHO-5-磷酸甲羟戊酸CH3OHOOC-CH2-C-CH2-CH2O-P-O-P-O-OHO-O-5-焦磷酸甲羟戊酸CH3OOCH3-C-CH2-CH2O-P-O-P-O-O-O-异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP)CH2OOATPADP甲羟戊酸激酶ATPADP磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶ATPADP5-焦磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶H2OHCO3-羊毛固醇胆固醇羧化环化脱甲基、还原等NADPH+H+O2胆固醇酯胆汁酸高密度脂蛋白(HDL)极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)膜蛋白质蛋白质(肝脏)HDLVLDLIDLLDL胆固醇类固醇激素靶细胞胆固醇类固醇激素靶细胞(血浆)(肾上腺)(性腺)交换反应脂蛋白质酶鲨烯维生素D类固醇激素7-脱氢胆固醇苹果酸草酰乙酸α-酮戊二酸天冬氨酸谷氨酸NAD+NADH+H+（线粒体基质）线粒体内膜（细胞质）苹果酸草酰乙酸α-酮戊二酸天冬氨酸谷氨酸NAD+NADH+H+α-酮戊二酸转运蛋白酸性氨基酸转运蛋白天冬氨酸氨基转移酶天冬氨酸氨基转移酶苹果酸脱氢酶苹果酸脱氢酶苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭α-氨基酸α-酮酸α-酮戊二酸谷氨酸NH3+NAD(P)H+H+NAD(P)+转氨酶谷氨酸脱氢酶黄嘌呤尿酸尿囊素尿囊酸2尿素+乙醛酸4NH3+CO2次黄嘌呤IMP黄嘌呤氧化酶H2O2O2+H2O腺嘌呤鸟嘌呤O2+H2OH2O2O2+H2OH2O2CO2H2OH2OH2O脲酶尿囊素酶尿囊酸酶尿酸氧化酶+H2O,-NH3+H2O,-NH3腺嘌呤脱氨酶鸟嘌呤脱氨酶谷氨酸+NH3谷氨酰胺谷氨酰胺酶谷氨酰胺酶ADPATPCO2+NH3+H2O氨基甲酰磷酸H2N-COO~PO32-鸟氨酸鸟氨酸瓜氨酸瓜氨酸精氨酸代琥珀酸精氨酸2ATP2ADP+Pi氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰ（N-乙酰谷氨酸，Mg2+）Pi天冬氨酸草酰乙酸α-酮戊二酸谷氨酸氨基酸α-酮酸苹果酸延胡索酸AMP+PPiATP尿素NH2-CO-NH2鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶Mg精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶精氨酸酶丙氨酸AlaA甘氨酸GlyG半胱氨酸CysC丝氨酸SerS苏氨酸ThrT色氨酸TrpW天冬酰胺AsnN天冬氨酸AspD酪氨酸TyrY苯丙氨酸PheF天冬氨酸AspD异亮氨酸IleI甲硫氨酸MetM苏氨酸ThrT缬氨酸ValV谷氨酸GluE组氨酸HisH脯氨酸ProP精氨酸ArgR亮氨酸LeuL赖氨酸LysK苯丙氨酸酪氨酸TyrY色氨酸TrpW异亮氨酸亮氨酸色氨酸生酮氨基酸生糖氨基酸乙酰乙酰~CoA5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸（PRPP）5-磷酸核糖胺甘氨酰胺核苷酸甲酰甘氨酰胺核苷酸甲酰甘氨咪核苷酸5-氨基咪唑核苷酸5-氨基咪唑-4-羧核苷酸5-氨基咪唑-4-琥珀基-甲酰胺核苷酸5-氨基咪唑-4-氨甲酰核苷酸5-甲酰氨基咪唑-4-氨甲酰核苷酸次黄嘌呤核苷酸（IMP）5-磷酸核糖磷酸核糖焦磷酸合成酶/激酶ATPAMP酰胺转移酶GlnGlu甘氨酸ATPADP甲酰THFA+H2OTHFAATPADPGlnGluATPADPATPADPCO2L-AspAMPADPATPGMPGDPGTPdADPdATPdGDPdGTP甘氨酸甲酸盐谷氨酰胺(酰胺基)甲酸盐天冬氨酸二氧化碳氨甲酰磷酸+天冬氨酸氨甲酰天冬氨酸二氢乳清酸乳清酸乳清苷酸尿嘧啶核苷酸(UMP)PiH2ONAD+NADH+H+PRPPPPiCO2Gln+HCO3-氨甲酰磷酸合成酶ⅡGlu2ADP2ATPUMPUDPUTPdUMPdUDPCDPCTPdCMPdCDPdCTPdTMPdTDPdTTP腺苷酸代琥珀酸腺嘌呤核苷酸(AMP)次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)腺苷酸脱氨酶腺苷酸代琥珀酸合成酶H2ONH3线粒体内膜线粒体外膜(线粒体基质)(细胞质)脂酰-CoA脂酰-CoACoA肉碱脂酰肉碱酯酰肉碱移位酶Ⅰ脂酰-CoACoA肉碱脂酰肉碱酯酰肉碱移位酶Ⅱ载脂蛋白柠檬酸草酰乙酸苹果酸丙酮酸苹果酸酶ADP+Pi乙酰-C