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ChapterIIntroductionT1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.F2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.F3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.T4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.T5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.T6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselfto(incontrastto)theresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.T7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.F8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.T9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.F10.Syntax(rulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinL)isdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.T11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.F12.Bothsemantics(Lisusedtoconveymeaning-thestudyofmeaning)andpragmatics(thestudyofmeaningisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse)studymeanings.T13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.T14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.T15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.F16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.T17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.F18.Adiachronic历时（itchangesthroughtime）studyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.Synchronic共时F19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthespokenlanguage.F20.Thedistinctionbetweencompetence语言能力andperformance语言运用wasproposedbyF.deSaussure.N.ChomskyChapter2：Phonology1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.(T)2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.（F）3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.（F）4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.（F）5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.（T）6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.（T）7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.（F）8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.（F）9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.（T）10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.（F）11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.（F）12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.（T）13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.（F）14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.（F）15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.（F）16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.（F）17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.（T）18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.（F）19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.（T）20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.（T）Chapter3：Morphology1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（T）2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.（F）3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.（T）4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.（T）5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.（T）6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.（T）7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.（T）8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.（F）9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.（F）10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.（T）Chapter4：1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.（F）2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.（T）3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollow